William Harvey and art misplaced

References

• Meyer , Arthur William . 1936 . An Analysis of the De generatione of William Harvey 24 – 24 . Palo Alto and London
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• Pagel , Walter . 1967 . William Harvey's Biological Ideas 31 – 47 . Basel Charles B. Schmitt, ‘William Harvey and Renaissance Aristotelianism: A Consideration of the Preface to De generatione animalium (1651)’ in Reappraisals in Renaissance Thought, edited by Charles Webster (London, 1989), essay 6, p. 117.
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• Harvey , William . 1651 . Exercitationes de generatione animalium C2 – v . London 17–18. I have used the translation of Gwenneth Whitteridge, Disputations Touching the Generation of Animals (Cambridge, 1959), as probably the most readily available, but with enough reservation silently to correct it when I thought necessary. My comparisons of the anonymous translation, Anatomical Exercitations, concerning the Generation of Living Creatures (London, 1653), and that of Robert Willis, M. D., Anatomical Exercise on the Generation of Animals in The Works of William Harvey, M. D. (London, 1847), with the original suggest that their users need to read warily. All three tend to distort Harvey's careful prose. Citations follow quotations in my text. I give the Latin reference first and then the location in Whitteridge.
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• A good example of such literary attention is Westfall Richard S. The Problem of Force in Galileo's Physics Galileo Reappraised Golino Carlo L. Berkeley and Los Angeles 1966 91 91 in where Westfall attends closely to the word fantasia and its ‘spirit’ in Galilei's Due nuove scienze. This close attention to diction for not solely philosophical purposes is important to Westfall's approach. See also Peter W. Graham, ‘Harvey's De motu cordis: The Rhetoric of Science and the Science of Rhetoric’, Journal of the History of Medicine, 33 (1978), 469–76, and N. Jardine, The Birth of History and Philosophy of Science: Kepler's a Defence of Tycho against Ursus with Essays on its Provenance and Significance (Cambridge, 1984), ‘The Scope and Form of the Apologia’, pp. 72–79, which use approaches to texts similar to the ones in the present study.
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• Seneca , Lucius Annaeus . 1917–25 . “ Epistula LVIII ” . In Ad Lucilium epistulae morales Vol. I , 386 – 409 . London and New York in translated by Richard M. Gummere, 3 vols
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• Schmitt . 1989 . “ William Harvey and Renaissance Aristotelianism: A Consideration of the Preface to De generatione animalium (1651) ” . In Reappraisals in Renaissance Thought Edited by: Webster , Charles . 117 – 117 . London in
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• Webster's , Charles . 1967 . Harvey's “De generatione”, its Origin and Relevance to the Theory of Circulation . British Journal of the History of Science , 3 : 262 – 274 . shows that Harvey composed much of the De generatione while he was also working on the De motu cordis. He concludes that we therefore need to take seriously the Harvey of the De generatione. Pagel characterized it as ‘complementary to De motu’ in ‘William Harvey Revisited: Part II’, History of Science, 9 (1970), 1–41 (pp. 37–8).
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• A justification for such a limit was stated by Maurice Clavelin when he described the history of science as engaged both in describing the ‘successive contributions’ in science and in concerning itself more with ‘internal logic than chronological details’. Clavelin Maurice Conceptual and Technical Aspects of the Galilean Geometrization of the Motion of Heavy Bodies Nature Mathematized: Historical and Philosophical Case Studies in Classical Modern Natural Philosophy Shea William R. The University of Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science Dordrecht, Boston, and London 1983 20 23 23 in 2 vols I
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• Seneca , Lucius Annaeus . 1971–72 . Naturales quaestiones Vol. II , 144 – 146 . London and Cambridge, Mass. translated by Thomas H. Corcoran, 2 vols
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• See Pagel Ideas Basel 1967 35 35 and Schmitt (footnote 2), p. 123, for a description of Harvey's paraphrase and its possible sources.
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• See Pagel Ideas Basel 1967 35 36 for his excellent paraphrase of this passage, a paraphrase that excludes the Seneca.
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• Idea inquit, est eorum, quae natura fiunt, exemplar aeternum. Adjiciam definitioni interpretationem, quo tibi res apertior fiat. Volo imaginem tuam facere: exemplar picturae te habeo, ex quo capit aliquem habitum mens, quem operi suo imponat. Ita illa quae me docet & instruit facies, a qua petitur imitatio, Idea est. Paucisque interpositis ait: Paulo ante pictoris imagine utebar: ille cum reddere Virgilium coloribus vellet, ipsum intuebatur; Idea erat Virgilii facies, futuri operis exemplar: ex hac quod artifex trahit, & operi suo imposuit, est. Quid intersit, quaeris? Alterum exemplar est, alterum forma ab exemplari sumpta, & operi imposita: alteram artifex imitatur, alteram facit. Habet aliquam faciem statua; haec est Idos: Habet aliquam faciem exemplar ipsum, quod intuens opifex, statuam figuravit; haec Idea est. Etiamnum aliam desideras distinctionem? Idos in opere est; Idea extra opus: nec tantum extra opus est, sed ante opus. Harvey is quoting from Epistula 58, sections 19–20, I, 398.
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• See Ross G.M. Seneca's Philosophical Influence Seneca Costa C.D.N. London and Boston 1974 116 165 in for a concise account of Seneca's reputation in the seventeenth century. In his ‘Chapter V: John Case on Art and Nature' in John Case and Aristotelianism in Renaissance England (Kingston and Montreal, 1983), C. B. Schmitt has shown how Case's consideration of the relationship of art and nature prepared for Bacon's thought on the same question. Schmitt's conclusions apply as well to Harvey.
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• G. K. Hunter has characterized Seneca as a model of power and sophistication for Renaissance writers. See his Seneca and English Tragedy Seneca Costa C.D.N. London and Boston 1974 194 194 in
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• This struggle is well described by Wright J.R.G. Form and Content in the “Moral Essays” Seneca Costa C.D.N. London and Boston 1974 51 51 in in
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• See Smith Hallet Elizabethan Poetry: A Study in Form, Meaning and Convention Cambridge, Mass. 1952 292 296
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• The most convenient descriptions of this topos are Mazzeo Joseph A. Metaphysical Poetry and the Poetry of Correspondence Renaissance and Seventeenth-Century Studies New York and London 1964 44 59 and Don Parry Norford, ‘Microcosm and Macrocosm in Seventeenth-Century Literature’ Journal of the History of Ideas, 38 (1977), 408–28.
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• Scoular , Kitty . 1965 . Natural Magic: Studies in the Presentation of Nature in English Poetry from Spenser to Marvell 84 – 85 . Oxford
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• Pagel , Walter . 1942 . “ The Debt of Science and Medicine to a Devout Belief in God illustrated by the Work of J. B. Van Helmont ” . In Transactions of the Victoria Institute 2 – 3 .
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• On p. 145, Baconian fashion, he offers the myth of Saturn's genitals being thrown into the sea in order to adumbrate reproduction in nature. See Pagel Ideas Basel 1967 81 124 291–4, and 309–17; and ‘Revisited’ (footnote 7), pp. 13–17 for Harvey on light and circular motion.
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• Scoular . 1965 . Natural Magic: Studies in the Presentation of Nature in English Poetry from Spenser to Marvell 5 – 5 . Oxford
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• On the theme of wonder in Renaissance literary theory, see generally Cunningham J.V. Woe or Wonder Denver 1964 Baxter Hathaway, Marvels and Commonplaces: Renaissance Literary Criticism (New York, 1968), and Scoular (footnote 20), pp. 7–12. Ferdinand Alquié has analysed the importance of wonder to Descartes in ‘L'Admiration’, La Decouverte metaphysique de l'homme chez Descartes (Paris, 1966), pp. 38–55. For Thomas on wonder, see In duodecim libros Metaphysicorum Aristotelis expositio (Taurini and Roma, 1964), L.I.d.iii.55.
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• Scoular . 1965 . Natural Magic: Studies in the Presentation of Nature in English Poetry from Spenser to Marvell 5 – 5 . Oxford
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• Eleganter Seneca, ut solet: Quam longo tempore opus est, ut conceptus and puerperium perducatur? Infans quantis laboribus tenere educatur? quam diligenti alimento obnoxium novissime corpus adolescit? at quam nullo negotio dissolvitur? urbes constituit aetas, hora dissolvit. Magna tutela stant & vigent omnia, cito & repente dissiliunt. Diu quae crescendo fit sylva, cito minimoque momento & scintilla, fit cinis. Imo vero ne scintilla quidem quippe radiis solaribus per exiguum vitrum transmissis, & in conum unitis, igne confestim excitato, maximarum rerum fit conflagratio. (113; 190). Harvey is quoting from Naturales quaestiones 3,27,2 in I, p. 273.
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• Pagel . 1967 . William Harvey's Biological Ideas 47 – 47 . Basel
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• See Fraser-Harris D.F. William Harvey's Knowledge of Literature Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1933–34 27 21 25 for the range of Harvey's citations from other authors.
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• Needham , Joseph . 1959 . A History of Embryology 66 – 66 . Cambridge Walter Pagel, ‘William Harvey Revisited: Part I’, History of Science, 8 (1969), 1–31 (pp. 9–11).
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• Ut in semine omnis futuri hominis ratio comprehensa est et legem barbae canorumque nondum natus infans habet. Totius enim corporis et sequentis actus in parvo occultoque lineamenta sunt. Naturales quaestiones 298 298 3,39,3 in I
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• Pagel . 1967 . William Harvey's Biological Ideas 23 – 23 . Basel
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• In his own Praefatio to the De magnete London 1600 Gilbert ridicules dreams and fantasies on magnetism that pass for science, for example on p. iiv. In the Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, intorno a due nuove science, Opere, edited by Antonio Favaro, 20 vols in 21 (Firenze, 1929–39), Galileo refers to ‘fantasies’ that ‘ought to be examined; but it is really not worthwhile’ (le quali fantasie, con altre appresso, converrebbe andare examinato e con poco quadagno risolvendo), VIII, p. 202.
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• In a Greek and Latin edition Operum Aristotelis … nova editio Lyons 1590 2 vols in 1 is given as fictitium and as suppositio, 2, p. 571A.
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• Keynes , Geoffrey Langdom . 1966 . The Life of William Harvey 92 – 92 . Oxford
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• 1647 . Ambrosii Calepini Dictionarium praecipue loanne Passeratio Lyon 2,305,col.1 (plasma); 1,333,col.2 (commentum); 1,337,col.1 (comminiscor).
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• Forcellini , Aegidius . 1861 . Totius Latinitas Lexicon Edited by: Furlanetto , Joseph and DeVit , Vincentio . Prato 4 vols 2,303,col.1
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• On suppositions in Harvey, see the important article by Wallace William A. Aristotle and Galileo: The Uses of (Suppositio) in Scientific Reasoning Studies in Aristotle, Studies in Philosophy and the History of Philosophy Washington, D.C. 1981 9 70 70 and Herbert Ratner, M.D., ‘William Harvey, M. D.’, The Thomist, 24 (1961), 191–2, and 198.
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• Gallus igitur & gallina, vere potissimum foecundi sunt: tanquam Sol, vel coelum, vel natura, vel anima mundi, vel Deus omnipotens (nam eodem haec redeunt) iis caussa superi ac divinior in generatione forget. See Pagel William Harvey's Biological Ideas Basel 1967 81 124 291–4, and 309–17, and ‘Revisited’ (footnote 7), pp. 13–17 for Harvey on light and circular motion.
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• On this association see generally Halio J.L. The Metaphor of Conception and Elizabethan Theories of the Imagination Neophiloloqus 1966 50 454 461
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• Harvey refers to builders at 271 and 285, for example. Seneca's Epistula 65 follows through more fully on the points on imitation he has made in Epistula 58 58
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• Stewart , John Alexander . 1905 . The Myths of Plato 1 – 2 . London and New York and 5–6. Reprinted, but without the original Greek texts, and edited by G. R. Levy (London, 1960).
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• See Rossi Paolo Francis Bacon: From Magic to Science London 1968 translated by Sacha Rabinovich ‘Part III: The Classic Fable’, pp. 73–134, and Lisa Jardine, Francis Bacon: Discovery and the Art of Discourse (Cambridge, 1974), ‘Chapter 10: ‘Parable’, pp. 179–93.
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• Pagel . 1969 . Revisited . History of Science , 8 : 2 – 3 .
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