- Connor , R.D. 1987 . The Weights and Measures of England 157 – 157 . London
- Connor , R.D. 1987 . The Weights and Measures of England 156 – 156 . London
- Connor , R.D. 1987 . The Weights and Measures of England 157 – 157 . London It is worth noting that the conventional heaping of one-eighth is a modest amount and that a very much larger heap can be constructed. It may be better to think of it as representing a rounded or adequately filled measure, incorporating a tolerated allowance which had its origin as a compensation for spillage and other losses. By practical experiment in 1618, the Scottish firlot measure (of the same proportions as the bushel) was found to be able to support a heap of nearly half its normal contents.
- Connor , R.D. 1987 . The Weights and Measures of England 159 – 159 . London 163
- Connor , R.D. 1987 . The Weights and Measures of England 158 – 158 . London
- Connor , R.D. 1987 . The Weights and Measures of England 158 – 158 . London 159
- This will be discussed in the forthcoming work by Connor R.D. The Weights and Measures of Scotland and the present author to be published by H.M.S.O. with the National Museums of Scotland.
- Thomson , Thomas , ed. 1816 . The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland. IV (1593–1625) 585 – 589 . Edinburgh
- Allen , Simpson . 1991 . “Handle with Care”: Handling Warnings of Early Scientific Instruments and Two Early Scottish Grain Measures . Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society , 30 : 3 – 4 .
- Everard , T. 1738 . Stereometry: or the Art of Gauging made easy , : 192 – 192 . London For the interpretation of the 1618 Assize, see footnote 39.
- The microscopic ‘stickiness’ apparently involves some interlocking of fibrous external material, and in this respect it may differ from that between the particles of granular minerals such as sand, which will more readily distribute themselves to pack initially at a maximum density. For the literature on the flow of granular solids see Balmer R.T. The Operation of Sand Clocks and their Medieval Development Technology and Culture 1978 19 615 632 I am grateful to Dr A. A. Mills for this reference.
- Letter from Dr Anderson to the Hon. G. J. Vernon, Chairman of the Committee on the Sale of Corn, communicating the Result of some Experiments made by him relative to the Condensation of Grain by different modes of Measuring’, Parliamentary Papers, 1834, VII.517, Appendix 12. Unfortunately this paper was found after our own experiments had been completed and so I was not able to take measurements in the same form as Anderson. In so far as the results of the two sets of experiments can be compared, the range of densities found is very closely similar and there are no significant discrepancies. For Anderson, see Cameron K.J. The Schoolmaster-Engineer: Adam Anderson of Perth and St Andrews, c. 1780–1846 1988 Dundee
- 1890 . Weights and Measures: Inspectors and Inspection: Model Regulations , London number 36. I am grateful to Maurice Stevenson, Hon. Librarian of the Trading Standards Association, for his assistance with this point.
- For a detailed study of Bate, including his work on the standards, see McConnell Anita R. B. Bate of the Poultry Scientific Instrument Society London forthcoming
- Connor . 1987 . The Weights and Measures of England 3 – 3 . London
- Alexander Huntar, writing in 1624, provided the maximum width of grains—‘4 Cornes of barlie Bier, lying in breadth maketh a finger breadth’ Huntar A. A Treatise of Weights, Mets and Measures of Scotland 1624 8 8 Edinburgh With 4 fingers to the palm and 4 palms to the foot, this gives a conventional grain width of 0·19 inch. The grains used had an equivalent width of 0·17 inch, and as expected the weight was reduced as the square of the ratio of these, from 0·065 to 0·052 g.
- These standards and the reasons for slight differences in their volumes will be discussed in the forthcoming Weights and Measures of Scotland
- The discussion in Sections 6 and 7 will be amplified in the forthcoming Weights and Measures of Scotland
- Thomson , Thomas , ed. 1814 . The Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland. II (1424–1567) 12 – 12 . Edinburgh We have concluded from an examination of the manuscripts used by Thomson that some dimensions given by him are incorrect: the issue is examined in the forthcoming Weights and Measures of Scotland. The calculations here follow the earliest (c. 1460) official manuscript version of the Assize.
- On English water measure, see Connor The Weights and Measures of England London 1987 178 178
- The evolution of the capacity standards after 1618 will be discussed in more detail in the forthcoming Weights and Measures of Scotland
- Weights and Measures Act of 1834 The Weights and Measures of England London 1987 180 180 Connor
Annals of Science
Volume 49, 1992 - Issue 4