- Kodama , Yoshio . 1935 . The Coal-Hydrogenating Industry in Japan . Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan , 14 : 71 – 72 . Kodama, ‘Hydrogenation of Coals’, ibid., 14 (1935), 691–701; Kodama, ‘The Coal-Hydrogenating Industry in Japan’, Chemical Abstracts, 29 (1935), 7043; Kodama, ‘Hydrogenation of Coals’, ibid., 29 (1935), 5629. Throughout the text, tons means metric tons; articles cited in Japanese journals are in Japanese.
- 1947 . Synthetic Oil in Japan: An Attempt to Gain Self-Sufficiency . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 333 – 340 . ‘Coal Hydrogenation in Japan: A Seven Year Plan’, Iron and Coal Trade Review, 135 (1937) 716; ‘Hydrogenation Industry’, Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan, 16 (1937) 8; ‘Coal Oil in Japan’, ibid., 18 (1939), a47; Shingo Ando, ‘Artificial Petroleum Industry in Japan and Manchukuo’, Journal of the Society of the Chemical Industry, Japan, 43, no. 9 (1940), 265B–6B; ‘Hydrogenation of Coal—Japan’, Chemistry and Industry, 55 (1936), 131; ‘Japan Seeks NEI Oil For Co-Prosperity Sphere’, Oil and Gas Journal, 39, no. 33 (1940), 82–3, 108, 110, 112, 113; ‘Japan's Synthetic Output Virtually at Standstill’, ibid., 44, no. 51 (1946), 96; C. S. Goddin and D. P. Thornton, Jr., ‘Low-Temperature Carbonization of Coal Produced Most of Japs' Synthetic Oil’, Petroleum Processing, 3 (February 1948), 121–31 (pp. 122–3). The designation KK, kabushiki kaisha, means a joint stock limited company. For conversions: 1 kilolitre (kL) = 1·03 (metric) tons, 1 kL = 6·11 barrels (bbl), 1 kL = 264 gal, 1 (metric) ton = 256 gal.
- Molony , Barbara . 1990 . Technology and Investment: The Prewar Japanese Chemical Industry , 226 – 233 . Cambridge, Mass. : Council on East Asian Studies, Harvard University .
- Barnhart , Michael A. 1987 . Japan Prepares for Total War 130 – 130 . Ithaca, N.Y. 156, 166, 180, 190, 196, 255–6. Embargoed materials included aircraft, machine tools, scrap iron, steel, aluminium, nickel, copper, zinc, vanadium, manganese, and tungsten. The embargo on lead tetraethyl, crude oil, and aviation gasoline (87-octane and higher) began in late July 1940.
- Thornton , D.P. Jr. 1947 . Desperate Japs Tried to Make “Avgas” Even From Pine Tree Roots, Needles . Petroleum Processing , 2 November : 815 – 820 .
- Shimao , Eikoh . 1989 . Some Aspects of Japanese Science, 1868–1945 . Annals of Science , 46 : 69 – 91 . see also Ian Inkster, ‘Science, Technology, and Economic Development—Japanese Historical Experience in Context’, Annals of Science, 48 (1991), 545–63.
- Jido , Yuji . September 1990 . “ The Establishment of Ammonia Soda in Japan and its Technology ” . In Ritsumeikan Business Management , Ritsumeikan Business Management Society Vol. 29 , September , 1 – 82 . no. 3 (in Japanese).
- 1947 . Synthetic Oil in Japan: An Attempt to Gain Self-Sufficiency . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 333 – 340 .
- Potter , E.B. , ed. 1960 . Sea Power: A Naval History 392 – 392 . London
- Borkin , Joseph and Welsh , Charles A. 1943 . Germany's Master Plan: The Story of Industrial Offensive 186 – 187 . New York
- Langer , William L. 1972 . An Encyclopedia of World History , fifth edition 923 – 923 . Boston
- Bywater , Hector C. 1970 . Sea-Power in the Pacific 221 – 212 . New York reprint of 1921 edition 215.
- Ishibashi , Koki . 1937 . “ Present Status of Properties and Refining of Fushun Shale Oil ” . In Proceedings of the Second World Petroleum Congress Vol. II , 183 – 196 . Paris Pitch and gas were other products.
- 1947 . Synthetic Oil in Japan . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 340 – 340 . ‘Shale Industry Authorized’, Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan, 7 (1928), 39; R. W. Rutherford, ‘Oil from Coal in Japan’, Coke and Smokeless Fuel Age, 6 (April 1944), 68–70. Conversion of yen to dollars: ¥ 1 = $0·4641. The yen varied in the 1930s: 1929 ($0·4610); 1931 ($0·4885); 1933 ($0·2565); 1935 ($0·2871); 1936 ($0·2902); 1937 ($0·2879); 1938 ($0·2845); 1939 ($0·2596). See Statistical Abstract of the United States (Washington, DC, 1938 and 1946 editions).
- 1947 . Synthetic Oil in Japan . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 339 – 339 .
- Ban , Yoshida . 1928 . “ The Low-Temperature Carbonization Plant at the Imperial Fuel Research Institute ” . In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Bituminous Coal Vol. II , 303 – 311 . Pittsburgh To test the quality of tar, Ban used a single cylinder, four cycle, vertical type Niigata diesel engine with cylinder dimensions 280 mm by 416 mm and a rating of 33 bhp at 230 rpm. Neither a pitch-free oil nor one high tar acid performed satisfactorily, although a partial removal of tar acid provided good quality diesel oil.
- Kôtarô Shimomura, Japanese patent 50,532 (21 August 1923). Shimomura studied organic chemistry at Worcester Polytechnic Institute where he received the bachelor of science degree in 1888 and did research under Ira Remsen at Johns Hopkins for one year (1888–1889). Shimomura became the president of Doshisha University in Kyoto (1904–1907). He received the doctor of engineering degree from the Japanese government in 1915. At that time no Japanese University had the authority to award this degree. See Personal History of Kôtarô Shimomura Doshisha University Archives 3 3 See also Genji Jimbo, Noriaki Wakao, and Masahiro Yorizane, ‘The History of Chemical Engineering in Japan’, in History of Chemical Engineering, edited by William F. Furter (Washington, D.C., 1980), pp. 273–81.
- Reid , William T. February 1948 . “ Low-Temperature Carbonization of Coal in Japan ” . In US Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7430 February , 1 – 82 . (pp. 17, 20, 53–6). Reid was a member of the US Bureau of Mines (see pp. 32–3). His report is the most comprehensive and accurate English language source of information on Japan's LTC industry. Some of the same information appears in the reports of the US Naval Technical Mission to Japan (footnote 19).
- Goddin and Thornton . 1947 . Synthetic Oil in Japan: An Attempt to Gain Self-Sufficiency . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 122 – 122 . US Naval Technical Mission to Japan [herefter NTMJ], Microfilm Reel JM-200L, Report X-38 (N)-7, Japanese Fuels and Lubricants, Article 7: ‘Progress in the Synthesis of Liquid Fuels From Coal’, p. 21, Texas A&M University Archives. The reports contained in this microfilm are the best source on Japan's synthetic fuel industry. The Naval Technical Mission was in Japan from September 1945 to November 1946. It published a few of its 185 reports in technical journals (1946–1948). The Operational Archives Branch, US Naval History Division, Washington, DC, published a complete microfilm edition of all the reports in 1974. Information on Japan's synthetic fuel industry also is available in Materials about Five Year Plan, Part 2, Volume 3 (Liquid Fuel), edited by the Commerce and Industry Section of SMR, microfilm YD/324, section MOJ 275, National Diet Library, Tokyo; and in GHQ/SCAP, Record Group 331 (Records of General Headquarters/Supreme Commander for the Allied Forces), National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC. According to members of the Naval Technical Mission, very little information on the Japanese navy's LTC programme existed.
- 1947 . NTMJ . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 9 – 9 .
- 1947 . Synthetic Oil in Japan . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 334 – 334 .
- 1947 . NTMJ . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 11 – 11 . see also footnote 1. Neither was the methanol synthesis from water gas (a carbon monoxide-hydrogen gaseous mixture produced from the reaction of steam with coal, coke, or methane) seriously considered at the industrial scale because there was no great peacetime demand for methanol.
- 1928 . Production of Petroleum in Japan . Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan , 7 : 73 – 73 .
- Tashirô , Saburô . Hydrogenation of Neutral Oil of Low-Temperature Tar . Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan , 67 – 70 . Yoshikiyo Ôshima and Saburô Tashirô, ‘Hydrogenation of Japanese Coals’, ibid., 70–3. See Ando's numerous papers in Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry of Japan, 1931–1940.
- Yokota , Toshio . 1937 . Coal Liquefaction Research in the Imperial Japanese Navy . Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan , 16 : 469 – 480 . 51–5 (in English). The process required: crushing the coal to a powder and mixing it with sufficient heavy oil to form a paste before reacting with hydrogen gas.
- Yokota , Toshio . 1937 . Coal Liquefaction Research in the Imperial Japanese Navy . Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan , 16 : 469 – 480 . NTMJ (footnote 19), 9. According to members of the Technical Mission, Ogawa visited IG Farben's Leuna plant in 1926. BASF's (IG Farben's) archives contain no record of his visit.
- Yokota . 1937 . Coal Liquefaction Research in the Imperial Japanese Navy . Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan , 16 : 51 – 55 . NTMJ (footnote 19), 9, 11. A typical sub-bituminous coal such as Ôyama contained 42 per cent volatile matter and 10–12 per cent ash.
- Ogawa , Tôru . 1932 . Hydrogenation of Fushun Coal . Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan , 11 : 118 – 119 . Shigeru Komatsu, ‘Liquefaction of Coal’, ibid., 7 (1928), 1240–50. See also Ogawa's and Abe's numerous papers in Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry of Japan 1931–1940.
- 1933 . Hydrogenation . Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan , 12 : 6 – 6 .
- Ogawa . 1932 . Hydrogenation of Fushun Coal . Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan , 11 : 118 – 119 .
- Fischer , Franz and Topsch , Hans . 1926 . Die Erdölsynthese bei gewöhnlichen Druck aus den Vergasungsproducten der Kohlen . Brennstoff-Chemie , 7 : 97 – 104 . Franz Fischer, ‘Liquid Fuels from Water Gas’, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 17 (1925), 574–6. Synthesis gas is a variable mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) usually prepared by reacting steam with coal. Treating the gas with catalysts converts it to liquid hydrocarbon fuels such as gasoline and diesel oil.
- 1947 . NTMJ . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 10 – 10 . 16. See also Kita, Über die Benzinesynthese aus Kohlenoxyd und Wasserstoff unter gewöhnlichen Druck (Tokyo, 1936). Prior to the outbreak of World War II the Japanese imported cobalt from Katanga, Belgian Congo (Zaire), and thorium from the United States.
- 1928 . The Transactions of the Fuel Conference: World Power Conference Vol. 2 , London See vol. i, pp. cvii–cvix for the list of Japanese delegates, and pp. xlii–cxiv for the complete list of delegates and other conference representatives. The table of contents in each volume lists the papers presented by Japanese delegates. Ôshima's paper, ‘Coal Carbonisation in Japan’, is in vol. ii, pp. 426–36.
- Ban . 1928 . “ The Low-Temperature Carbonization Plant at the Imperial Fuel Research Institute ” . In Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Bituminous Coal Vol. II , 301 – 311 . Pittsburgh Y. Kosaka and Y. Ôshima, ‘The Formation of Naphthalene During High-Temperature Carbonization’, Proceedings of the International Conference on Bituminous Coal (Pittsburgh, 1926), 463–71; Yoshikiyo Ôshima and Yashitami Fukuda, ‘The Effect of Ash on Reactivity and Combustibility of Carbon Materials’, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Bituminous Coal (Pittsburgh, 1931), ii, 448–84. At the 1931 meeting Bernard Lewis of the US Mines Branch read Ôshima and Fukuda's paper. Because there is no list of delegates, there is no way of knowing whether they actually attended.
- A third Japanese delegate, Dr J. Somiya attended the 1933 congress, but the delegate list gave him no affiliation; Proceedings of the World Petroleum Congress London 1933 I Japanese delegates published the following papers at the 1937 congress: Shingo Andô, ‘Catalytic Hydrogenation of Low-Temperature Tar Under High Pressure’, Proceedings of the Second World Petroleum Congress (Paris, 1937), ii, 237–48; Kosuke Kûdô and Haruki Fujimoto (an engineering commander in the Japanese Navy), ‘On the Hydrogenation of Cracked Gasoline’, ibid., 271–5; Ishibashi, (footnote 13).
- Otaki , Morio . 1937 . Japanese National Petroleum Policy . World Petroleum , 8 September : 64 – 64 . ‘Synthetic Oil in Japan’ (footnote 2), 333.
- Pyle , Kenneth B. 1978 . The Making of Modern Japan 137 – 150 . Lexington Chemical Industry In The Far East’, The Chemical Trade Journal And Chemical Engineer, 104 (31 March 1939), 316; G. C. Allen, A Short Economic History of Modern Japan 1867–1937 (London, 1946), pp. 98–9, 146–9.
- 1947 . NTMJ . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 321 – 326 . See footnote 14 for conversion rates of yen to dollars.
- Reid . February 1948 . “ Low-Temperature Carbonization of Coal in Japan ” . In US Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7430 February , 7 – 12 . Reid used ¥ 1 = $0·23. This is approximately the average for the years 1940 ($0·2346) and 1941 ($0·2349). These were the only figures available during the war years. The new rate established in April 1949 was set at ¥360=$1·00, in co-ordination with American occupation forces.
- Goddin and Thornton . 1947 . Synthetic Oil in Japan: An Attempt to Gain Self-Sufficiency . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 130 – 130 . NTMJ (footnote 19), 21; even the unwanted semicoke found use during the war years. Because of gasoline shortages prohibited civilian gasoline consumption. The Japanese therefore built portable semicoke-burning gas producers for their vehicles, as charcoal, their more expensive main fuel, also was in short supply. The vehicles performed satisfactorily despite a 22–30 per cent ash content that made necessary frequent removal of clinker from the producers. A. C. Fieldner and P. M. Ambrose, ‘Annual Report of Research and Technologic Work on Coal’, US Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7446 (January 1948), pp. 1–113 (p. 89). In order to reduce gasoline consumption the Japanese government had enforced since 1 July 1939 a regulation that required all gasoline sold to have a 10 per cent alcohol content, ‘Chemical Industry in Japan’, Chemical Trade Journal, 104 (17 March 1939), 270.
- Goddin and Thornton . 1947 . Synthetic Oil in Japan: An Attempt to Gain Self-Sufficiency . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 130 – 130 . The Japanese intended to construct six additional LTC plants, but they began construction on only three of them; Reid (footnote 18), 21.
- Reid . February 1948 . “ Low-Temperature Carbonization of Coal in Japan ” . In US Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7430 February , 34 – 34 .
- Goddin and Thornton . 1947 . Synthetic Oil in Japan: An Attempt to Gain Self-Sufficiency . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 130 – 131 . NTMJ (footnote 19), 19–22.
- Reid . February 1948 . “ Low-Temperature Carbonization of Coal in Japan ” . In US Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7430 February , 16 – 18 .
- Reid . February 1948 . “ Low-Temperature Carbonization of Coal in Japan ” . In US Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7430 February , 16 – 18 . caking coals stick together or agglomerate and cause clogging of apparatus. Overheating occurred whenever air leaked into the combusion space surrounding the retorts. This disturbed the air-fuel ratio and at times raised the retort's temperature to more than 700°C. Because of their mild steel composition the retorts, agitators, and other metallic components had lifetimes that ranged from 15 to 150 days and usually failed at the welded joints. Uneven heating also warped the retort and caused by-product gas leakage through the end seals. Mimura redesigned the seals but could not stop the leaks because the retorts were not rigid enough to prevent warping at the reaction temperature.
- Reid . February 1948 . “ Low-Temperature Carbonization of Coal in Japan ” . In US Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7430 February , 56 – 63 . 67–9 (p. 69).
- Reid . February 1948 . “ Low-Temperature Carbonization of Coal in Japan ” . In US Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7430 February , 28 – 28 .
- Reid . February 1948 . “ Low-Temperature Carbonization of Coal in Japan ” . In US Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7430 February , 46 – 46 . 52, 28. Records of fuel production are available only from 1938–1945; see p. 48.
- Reid . February 1948 . “ Low-Temperature Carbonization of Coal in Japan ” . In US Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7430 February , 77 – 80 .
- Reid . February 1948 . “ Low-Temperature Carbonization of Coal in Japan ” . In US Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7430 February , 22 – 22 . Capitalization increased to ¥25 million during the period from March 1941 to November 1944. The original plan included a research pilot plant for hydrocracking tar with equipment supplied by Friedrich Krupp AG. Nissan Ekitai also contacted IG Farben about constructing a larger hydrocracking plant with a gasoline yield of 10,000 kL yr−1, but neither negotiation led to anything. NTMJ (footnote 19), 22; ‘Nissan Liquid Fuel Co.’, Journal of the Fuel Society of Japan, 18 (1939), 29.
- Reid . February 1948 . “ Low-Temperature Carbonization of Coal in Japan ” . In US Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7430 February , 24 – 25 . 77, 27, 30.
- Reid . February 1948 . “ Low-Temperature Carbonization of Coal in Japan ” . In US Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7430 Vol. 1 , February , 7 – 7 .
- Reid . February 1948 . “ Low-Temperature Carbonization of Coal in Japan ” . In US Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7430 February , 37 – 42 . The Imperial Fuel Development Company's plant at Ube also was producing 150,000 tons of ammonia annually. Construction began on a plant to produce lubricating oil from rubber in February 1943 and on a synthetic methanol plant later that year.
- Reid . February 1948 . “ Low-Temperature Carbonization of Coal in Japan ” . In US Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7430 February , 80 – 82 . Barnhart (footnote 4), 130, 166, 196, 255–6. Chielin was also the site of an incomplete Fischer-Tropsch plant intended for methanol production.
- Reid . February 1948 . “ Low-Temperature Carbonization of Coal in Japan ” . In US Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7430 February , 12 – 12 . 45–6.
- Reid . February 1948 . “ Low-Temperature Carbonization of Coal in Japan ” . In US Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7430 February , 53 – 53 . 63, 67–9, 73.
- Ishida , Ryoichi . 1990 . Story of Coal Liquefaction 27 – 42 . Tôkyô (in Japanese). Mitsui signed an optional contract with Ruhrchemie on 11 February 1936, and during the next year it kept two or three researchers in Germany, studying the F-T synthesis. See also the US Naval Historical Center's ATIS Report 4575, document numbers ND 26-0004.1 through ND 26-0004.31 and Allen (footnote 37), 148–9.
- 1947 . NTMJ . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 16 – 17 .
- 1947 . Synthetic Oil in Japan . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 339 – 339 . Other pressure units used in the Japanese reports were kg cm−2 and psi. 1 atm = 1 kg cm−2 = 15 psi.
- 1947 . Synthetic Oil in Japan . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 17 – 17 . Matsubara's catalyst (100 ochre + 1 Cu + 1 H3BO3 + 6 K2CO3) consisted chiefly of ochre, a natural yellow earth 64·8 per cent ferric oxide, obtained from Niwasaka near Fukushima. The composition of Kita's best iron catalyst was 100 Fe + 25 Cu + 2 Mn + 125 kieselguhr + 15 H3BO3 and of the best cobalt-thorium, 100 Co + 5 Cu + 12 U3O6 + 4 Mn + 100 kieselguhr. After the war ended, the petroleum section of the Naval Technical Mission inspected the Fuchu plant on 12 January 1946.
- Composition of the iron catalyst was 100 Fe + 25 Cu + 125 kieselguhr + 6 K2CO3. Later the Japanese developed an iron catalyst identical to that used in the Kyoto semicommercial pilot plant but also containing five parts of magnesium. It supposedly increased yields and was the best middle pressure catalyst. But in the one result repeated, its yield was 111 g m−3 Goddin Thornton Synthetic Oil in Japan: An Attempt to Gain Self-Sufficiency Industrial Chemist 1947 23 125 125 127, 130. See also ‘Chemical Industry in the Far East’, Chemical Trade Journal, 108 (23 January 1941), 8.
- 1947 . NTMJ . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 18 – 19 . 326; ‘Synthetic Oil in Japan’ (footnote 2), 335, 337–9; Goddin and Thornton (footnote 2), 125, 129, 130; Ando (footnote 2); ‘Hydrogenation of Coal-Japan’ (footnote 2).
- 1947 . Synthetic Oil in Japan . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 335 – 335 . 337–9; NTMJ (footnote 19), 18–9; Goddin and Thornton (footnote 2), 122, 125, 127, 130. Coke oven gas is mainly a mixture of hydrogen (53 per cent) and methane (32 per cent) plus carbon monoxide, nitrogen, other gases, and illuminants. The Naval Technical Mission also visited the semicommercial Fuchu plant (see footnote 60). The capitalization of the Miike plant was ¥50 million in October 1943, and after Mitsui brought in two other partners to form Nippon Jinzô Sekiyu KK in October 1944, final capitalization was ¥150 million. See Ishida (footnote 59), 87, and NTMJ (footnote 19).
- Goddin and Thornton . 1947 . Synthetic Oil in Japan: An Attempt to Gain Self-Sufficiency . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 122 – 122 . ‘Synthetic Oil in Japan’ (footnote 2), 335.
- Thornton . 1947 . Desperate Japs Tried to Make “Avgas” Even From Pine Tree Roots, Needles . Petroleum Processing , 2 November : 818 – 818 .
- Goddin and Thornton . 1947 . Synthetic Oil in Japan: An Attempt to Gain Self-Sufficiency . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 122 – 122 . ‘Synthetic Oil in Japan’ (footnote 2), 334
- Goddin and Thornton . 1947 . Synthetic Oil in Japan: An Attempt to Gain Self-Sufficiency . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 124 – 125 . NTMJ (footnote 19), 15.
- Japan Hydrogenation, Box 184 , London : Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) Archives . Matthias Pier Collection, 1104/69 (Japan), ‘Aktennotizen’ of 3, 4, 5 July 1939, BASF Archives, Ludwigshafen; ‘Synthetic Fuels in Japan’, Chemical Trade Journal, 104 (17 February 1939), 162; Akira Kudo, ‘Strategy of IG Farben Toward Japan—Case of Synthetic Oil’, Japan Business History Review, 22 (1987), 1–28 (in Japanese). Brunner Mond was one of four companies that merged to form ICI in 1926. Brunner Mond (Japan) in 1939 was a ¥4 million company that acted as a distributing organization for ICI's constituent and subsidiary companies, ‘Chemical Industry in the Far East’, Chemical Trade Journal, 104 (26 May 1939), 496.
- 1947 . NTMJ . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 12 – 13 . ‘Synthetic Oil in Japan’ (footnote 2), 335–6. When the Naval Technical Mission inspected the laboratory after the war they found relatively few documents on this research.
- Goddin and Thornton . 1947 . Synthetic Oil in Japan: An Attempt to Gain Self-Sufficiency . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 124 – 124 .
- 1947 . NTMJ . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 13 – 14 . The papers are those cited in footnote 24
- Goddin and Thornton . 1947 . Synthetic Oil in Japan: An Attempt to Gain Self-Sufficiency . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 125 – 125 . The water gas reaction requires a 95 per cent iron-5 per cent chromium catalyst and a temperature of 540°C. A coal hydrogenation plant with a 10,000 ton input should yield about 5,000 kL of liquid fuel.
- Goddin and Thornton . 1947 . Synthetic Oil in Japan: An Attempt to Gain Self-Sufficiency . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 125 – 125 . NTMJ (footnote 19), 15. The Ishii Iron works in Kamata, near Tokyo was one of the firms that manufactured equipment for the coal liquefaction and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, ‘A New Japanese Chemical Plant Maker’, Chemical Trade Journal, 104 (7 April 1939), 340.
- 1947 . Synthetic Oil in Japan . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 336 – 337 . Munehiro Miwa, ‘The Naval Fuel Depot and Coal Liquefaction’, Kagakushi Kenkyû (Journal of the History of Chemistry, Japan), 4, no. 41 (1987), 164–75 (in Japanese).
- 1947 . NTMJ . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 14 – 15 . Synthetic Oil in Japan’ (footnote 2), 337; ‘Hydrogenation Industry’ (footnote 2), 8.
- 1947 . NTMJ . Industrial Chemist , 23 : 15 – 15 . Goddin and Thornton (footnote 2), 122, 125; Molony (foonote 3), 228–31. According to Molony, Chôsen Jinzô Sekiyu's sister company, Kilin Artificial Oil planned to build a second synthetic fuel plant in Kilin (Jilin) Manchuria but never completed its construction. This location was the same as that of an incomplete F-T plant and the two proposed plants may be the same. Coal hydrogenation and F-T are both synthetic processes, and sometimes both are called coal liquefaction.
- et al. The Great Republic: A History of the American People Lexington 1977 I 1169 1169
- Pier Collection, 1104/69 (Japan), ‘Zusammenfassung’ of 3 May 1939 and ‘Aktennotizen’ of 3, 4, 5 July 1939 Japan Hydrogenation, Box 184 Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) Archives London E. B. Peck and Irvin H. Jones, ‘Technical Assistance on Synthetic Oils Rendered the Japanese by the IG Farbenindustrie AG’, Combined Intelligence Objectives Sub-Committee, APO 413 (July 1945), pp. 1–13. At the end of May 1939 Ogura Sekiyu merged with Mitsubishi and Nihon Sekiyu to form a new industrial organization; NTMJ (footnote 19), 9.
- Pier Collection, 1104/69 (Japan), ‘Besprechung’ of 9 June and 1 July 1939 Japan Hydrogenation, Box 184 Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) Archives London Peck and Jones (footnote 80), 2–3, 10. The documents also included arrangements with Friedrich Krupp AG, ICI, and Bethlehem Steel in the United States. ‘Report on Investigations by Fuels and Lubricants Teams at the IG Farbenindustrie, AG’, edited by R. Holroyd, US Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7375 (August 1946), pp. 1–75 (p. 60). In a brief note ‘Chemicals in the Far East’, Chemical Trade Journal, 108 (9 May 1941), 284, Kyôwa Kagaku Kenkyûsho KK made the remarkable claim that they had produced isooctane from the direct fermentation of starch and that Japanese aviation authorities had tested and approved it.
- Kudo , Akira . The Tripartite Pact and Synthetic Oil unpublished manuscript, courtesy of author.
- Vertrag zwischen dem Dainippon, Teikoku Rikugun Daijin [Kaiserlich Japanischen Heeresminister (The War Office of Japan)] und der IG Farbenindustrie Aktiengesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, 11 January 1945, Pier Collection, 1104/69 (Japan) Japan Hydrogenation, Box 184 Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) Archives London
- Holroyd . Japan Hydrogenation, Box 184 , 58 – 59 . London : Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) Archives .
- Borkin and Welsh . 1943 . Germany's Master Plan: The Story of Industrial Offensive 48 – 48 . New York
- Pier Collection, 1104–69 (Japan), reports of 20 February, 8 March, 25 March 1945 Peck and Jones (footnote 80), 1–6. According to US Bureau of Mines Information Circular 7375, Kinsei was to produce 70,000–100,000 ton yr−1 of aviation gasoline from Fupin coal.
Annals of Science
Volume 50, 1993 - Issue 3