- Da Vinci , Leonardo . Codex Atlanticus; MS B , folios 13r – folios 13r . Institut de France . and 21v
- London, British Library, MS Lands. Mus. Brit. 121, c. 1585, Bourne William A Treatise on the Properties and Qualities of Glasses for Optical Purposes, according to the Making, Polishing, and Grinding of them Albert Van Helden, ‘The Invention of the Telescope’, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 67, Part 4 (1977), 30–4; Gerard L'E. Turner, ‘There was no Elizabethan Telescope’, Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society, No. 37 June, 1993), 3–5.
- 1589 . “ Giovanni Baptista della Porta ” . In Magiae naturalis libri xx Naples English translation, Natural Magick, 1658), Book XVII, Chapter 21.
- 1890–1909 . Le Opere di Galileo Galilei, Edizione Nazionale , Florence : Tipografia Barbera . The correspondence between Galileo and Sagredo is included in vols X–XIII and XX; Antonio Favaro, ‘Amici e Corrispondenti di Galileo Galilei. III. Girolamo Magagnati’, Atti del Reale Istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti, Tome VII, serie II (1895–96), pp. 446–49, 457–59; Stillman Drake, ‘Galileo Gleanings—XIV: Galileo and Girolamo Magagnati’, Physis, 6 (1964), 269–86.
- Favaro , Antonio . 1902 . Amici e Corrispondenti di Galileo Galilei. VIII. Giovanfrancesco Sagredo . Atti della R. Deputazione Veneto di Storia Patria , IV : 1 – 132 . Nuova serie parte II Silvio A Bedini, ‘The Instruments of Galileo Galilei’, in Galileo, Man of Science, edited by Ernan McMullin (New York: Basic Books, 1967), pp. 256–92 (pp. 172–80); Silvio A. Bedini, ‘The Makers of Galileo's Scientific Instruments’, Atti del Simposio Internationale di Storia Metodologica, Logica e Filosofica della Scienza. Galileo nella Storia e nella Filosofia della Scienza (Florence, 1967), pp. 89–115.
- Pedersen , Olaf . 1968 . Sagredo's Optical Researches . Centaurus , 13 : 139 – 150 . Silvio A. Bedini, ‘Lens Making for Scientific Instruments in the Seventeenth Century’, Applied Optics, 5 (1966), 687–94.
- Varetti , Carlo V. 1930 . L'Artefice di Galileo: Ippolito Francini detto Tordo . Rendiconti della Classe di scienze morali, storiche e filologiche della Reale Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei , XV March : 1 – 94 . ser. VI fasc, 2–4
- Favaro , Antonio . 1912 . Amici e Corrispondenti di Galileo Galilei , Venice : Premiate Officine Grafiche Carlo Ferrari . ‘XXIX Vincenzo Viviani’, pp. 20–23; Maria Luisa Bonelli, ‘L'ultimo discepolo: Vincenzo Viviani’, Saggi su Galileo Galilei (Florence, 1972), III, Tome II, pp. 656–88.
- Maignan , Emanuel . 1648 . Perspectiva Horaria, sive de Horographia Gnomonica tum theoretica tun practica Rome
- In 1648 Divini began to make sliding tube compound microscopes, and in 1649 he produced a lunar map claimed to have been achieved with the use of a micrometer. See also Bianchedi Manlio Eustachio Divini ottico matematico del secolo XVII Bolletino dell'Associazione Ottica Italiana 1946 2 31 37 Dictionary of Scientific Biography [hereafter DSB]. IV (1971), 128; Maria Luisa Righini Bonelli and Albert Van Helden, Divini and Campani: A Forgotten Chapter in the History of the Accademia del Cimento, Monograph 5, Supplement to Annali dell'Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, 16 (1981), 8–14.
- Manzini , Carlo Antonio . 1660 . L'Occhiale all'Occhio: Dioptrica Practica Bologna
- Bedini , Silvio A. Giuseppe Campani, Pioneer Optical Inventor . Proceedings of the Xth International Congress of the History of Science . 1962 , Ithaca. Vol. I , pp. 401 – 401 . Paris 404; idem, ‘The Optical Workshop Equipment of Giuseppe Campani’, Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 16 (1961), 18–38; idem, ‘Seventeenth Century Italian Compound Microscopes’, Physis, 5 (1963), 386–9; DSB, III (1971), 23.
- Daumas , Maurice . 1953 . Les Instruments scientifiques aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles 90 – 92 . Paris
- Biblioteca Universitario, Bologna, MS 1496, busta II, parte III; Bedini Silvio A. On Making Telescope Tubes in the 17th Century (An anonymous Italian Manuscript) Physis 1962 4 110 116 Bedini (footnote 12), ‘Optical Workshop’; Auguste-Denis Fougeroux de Bondaroy, ‘Mémoires sur les objectifs’, Mémoires de l'Academie royale des Sciences pour l'année 1764 (Amsterdam, 1768), 251–61, plate 6.
- Terzi Lana , P. Francesco . 1670 . Prodromo Overo saggio di alcune inventioni nuove premesso all'Arte maestra Brescia chapter 5, ‘L'Arte Maestra prescrive alcune regole, prattiche esatissime per fabricare molte sorti di cannocchiali, e microscopi, ed insegna alcune nuove inventione in questa materia’, pp. 169 et seq.; Didot Frères, Nouvelle Biographie Générale depuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à nos jours (Paris, 1862), XXIX, cols 301–4.
- Smith , Robert . 1738 . A Compleat System of Opticks, in four books, viz., A popular, a mathematical, a mechanical, and a philosophical treatise. To which are added remarks upon the whole Vol. 2 , 281 – 301 . Cambridge Book III
- d'Orleans , Chérubin . 1671 . Dioptrique Oculaire, ou la Theórique, la positive, et la mécanique, de l'oculaire dioptrique en toutes ses espèces Paris
- Turner , Gerard L'E . 1984 . Three Late Seventeenth Century Italian Telescopes, Two Signed by Paolo Belletti of Bologna . Annali dell'Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza , 9 : 41 – 64 . pls I–XXI
- Bryden , D.J. and Simms , D.L. 1993 . Spectacles Improved to Perfection and Approved of by the Royal Society . Annals of Science , 50 : 1 – 32 .
- Resin a a. Modern usage in the glass industry is a a, according to Twyman F. Prism and Lens Making London 1943
- Bolantio appears to have been informed about the work of at least several others in the field. His reference to ‘Borello’ is significant; it appears to relate to Giovanni Alfonso Borelli or possibly to Pierre Borel. Borelli (1608–1679) was an Italian astronomer and physicist born in Naples who taught mathematics at Messina in 1649 and at Pisa in 1656. A disciple of Galileo, he produced telescopes of 40 and 60 feet with which he observed the two inner satellites of Saturn. In 1674 he retired to Rome where he lived under the patronage of Queen Christina of Sweden until his death. DSB 1970 II 306 314 Although less likely, the reference also may have been to Borel (1620–1671), a naturalist, chemist, pioneer in optics, and personal physician to the king of France. He was the first to assign the invention of the telescope to Hans Lipperhey and Zacharias Jensen, collecting evidence from various sources, of which the most important was a letter from Willem Boreel (Guillaume Borel), the Dutch envoy to the French court. In his De vero telescopii inventore, Pierre Borel fully described the construction of telescopes and microscopes and lens-grinding techniques. DSB, ii (1970), 305–6.
- Tripolo Veneto or Venetian rottenstone. According to de Bondaroy Fougeroux Mémoires sur les objectifs Mémoires de l'Academie royale des Sciences pour l'année 1764 Amsterdam 1768 251 261 it is mined in Corfu, and the finest quality is found opposite this island in the mountain of l'Epire.
- Cerusa (Cerussa) seconda white lead. The use of the word seconda is not clear, it may have been used to mean ‘dried’ inasmuch as the work for ‘to dry’ is seccare.
- This is the Keplerian telescope, a construction described for the first time by Johannes Kepler in Propositio XXCVI (LXXXVI) of his Dioptrice Augsburg 1611
- Piedi Romani One Roman foot is equivalent to 11·59 inches.
- Tubo Astrophio This may be the ‘Astroscope’, described in Chambers, Cyclopedia, as ‘an astronomical instrument formerly in use, composed of two cones, on whose surface the constellations with their stars were delineated’. It was the invention of Wil. Schukhard, formerly professor of mathematics at Tübingen in 1698, according to Chambers, Astronomy (1867–1877), p. 913. See also Oxford English Dictionary.
- Bolantio's mention of Rheita also is of interest. Generally known as Anton Maria Schyrlaeus de Rheita (?1604–1660). he was born in a Tyrolean town, Reutte. Although it is claimed that he was the first to describe and construct a telescope for terrestrial use, he was preceded by Kepler, who in 1611 suggested the addition of a single erecting lens to his original two-lens construction. What Rheita had done was to add a field lens to the original single lens eyepiece, thereby forming a compound eyepiece, together with an erecting lens placed between the field lens and the objective, as early as 1645. The terms ‘objective’, or ‘object lens’, and ‘ocular lens’ were first used in his work Oculus Enoch et Eliae, opus theologiae, philosophiae, et verbi dei praceconibus utile et iucundum Antwerp 1645 The latest account is Alfons Thewes, Oculus Enoch…: Ein Beitrag zur Entdeckungsgeschichte des Fernrohrs (Oldenburg, 1983).
- This may well be the design first suggested by Kepler Dioptrice Augsburg 1611 Proposition XXCVII (LXXXVII). He showed that by interposing a third convex lens between the objective and ocular of his two-lens construction, an erect image could be obtained.
- This may refer to the design credited to Rheita Oculus Enoch et Eliae, opus theologiae, philosophiae, et verbi dei praceconibus utile et iucundum Antwerp 1645
- Police or pollice meaning ‘thumb’, a unit of measurement common in the seventeenth century, rarely used in modern times; equivalent to 1 inch.
- Elioscopo or helioscope, a telescopic instrument for observing the sun without injury to the eyes, or a telescope fitted with such an apparatus. It was invented by Christoph Scheiner (1573–1650) and described in his Rosa Ursina (1630). He used Tycho Brahe's polar axis to attach a telescope in a frame fixed to its upper extremity, and having a graduated circle graduated in divisions of twenty-four hours at its base. It was described in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 1675 10 441 441 See Henry C. King, The History of the Telescope (London, 1955), pp. 41–2; DSB xii (1975), 151–2.
- Polemoscopio or Polemoscope, so-called from its purported use in war, was a telescope fitted with a mirror set an an angle to the line of vision for viewing objects not directly in the line of sight. Or it could be a combined telescope and periscope. The invention is attributed to Johannes Hevelius who described it is Selenographia Danzig 1647 DSB (1972), vi, 361. The first known English use of the word was in 1668; Philosophical Transactions, 3 (1668), 729. See also Oxford English Dictionary.
- By coincidence, very similar working occurs in Galileo's Siderius Nuncius of 1610, the passage in which he describes how he made his first telescope and turned it skyward. It is unlikely that Bolantio was able to read Latin so that, if he copied it, it was from a later edition in Italian. Galileo wrote: ‘[And first I prepared …] a tube, at first of lead, in the ends of which I fitted two glass lenses, both plane on one side, but on the other side one spherically convex, and the other concave. Then applying my eye to the concave lens I saw objects satisfactorily large and near, for they appeared one-third of the distance off and nine times larger than when they are seen with the natural eye alone.’ Translation by Carlos Edward Stafford The Sidereal Messenger London 1880 10 10
- Vetro da Mosche o da Polici ‘the glass of the flies or of the fleas’.
- Although Bolantio appears to write ‘spherbolical’, he evidently meant ‘hyperbolical’. The type of microscope alluded to must be that devised by Descartes, who described it as follows (in translation): ‘Finally, if we wish to have a telescope which allows us to see close and accessible objects as distinctly as possible (much more so than the one I have presently described for the same purpose), we must also compose it of two hyperbolical lenses, one concave and the other convex, enclosed in the same two ends of a tube … Discours de la méthode 1637 English translation by P. J. Olscamp (Indianapolis, 1965), p. 157.
- Martinelli , Domenico . 1669 . Orologi elementari diviso in quattro parti Venice Martinelli (c. 1634–1716) was born in Spoleto, but apparently lived most of his life in Venice. The Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana in Venice possesses two of his unpublished manuscripts on tides and their control, ‘Flusso e Reflusso del Mare’ and ‘Trattato dess'Aqua, desumto dall7s'occasione di Regolare la Laguna di Venetia’, Cod. Italiano 168, Class IV.
- De Ricci , Seymour . 1930 . English Collectors of Books and Manuscripts 1530–1930 and Their Marks of Ownership 136 – 137 . Cambridge
- Norwood , Alfred J. 1872 . Appendix to the Third Report, Great Britain Historical Manuscripts Commission 287 – 290 . London Carlo Frati and A. Sorbelli, Dizionario Bio-Bibliografico dei Bibliotecari e Bibliofili Italiani del Secola XVI al XIX. Raccolta da A. Sorbelli (Florence, 1934); Henry Coxe, Catalogue Codicum MSS Bibliothecae Canonicianae, Oxonii (Oxford, 1854); A. Mortara, Catalogo dei Manoscritti Italiani che sotto la denominazione di Codici Canoniciani Italici si conservano nella Biblioteca Bodleiana a Oxford (Oxford, 1864); Falconer Madan, Summary Catalogue of Western Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library at Oxford (Oxford, 1897), iv.
- Phillipps , Thomas . 1833 . Catalogue MSS in Bibliothecis Angliae Cambriae Priv London et seq.), see 1837, p. 16; MSS From the Collection of the Rev. Walter Sneyd [Sotheby & Co., auction sale catalogue], (London, 1903), p. 54.
- Baillie , Granville H. 1951 . Clocks and Watches: An Historical Bibliography 126 – 126 . London
- Descartes , René . 1637 . Discours de la méthode 19 – 21 . Leiden
Annals of Science
Volume 52, 1995 - Issue 2
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