Russian chemistry in the 1850s: A failed attempt at institutionalization

References

• For examples of the variety of careers pursued by chemists in England during the mid-nineteenth century, see Bud R. Roberts G.R. Science Versus Practise Manchester 1983
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• Kozlov , V.V. 1958 . Ocherki istorii khimischeskikh obshestv SSSR 11 – 12 . Moscow Kozlov does not cite any source for his information, and I have not been able to identify a primary source for this statement. Kozlov repeats this statement in Vsesoiuznoe khimischeskoe obshchestvo imeni D. I. Mendeleeva. 1868–1968 (Moscow, 1971), 9.
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• Brooks Nathan M. The Formation of a Community of Chemists in Russia, 1700–1870 Columbia University 1989 PhD dissertation chapter 4 for Kazan and chapter 5 for Moscow.
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• Brooks Nathan M. The Formation of a Community of Chemists in Russia, 1700–1870 Columbia University 1989 PhD dissertation ch. 6.
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• Borodin , A.P. and Butlerov , A.M. 1880 . Nikolai Nikolaevich Zinin. Vospominaniia o nem i biograficheskii ocherk . Zhurnal Russkogo Fiziko-Khimicheskogo Obshchestva , 12 : 245 – 245 .
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• For biographical information about Sokolov, see Musabekov Iu.S. N. N. Sokolov Zhurnal prikladnoi khimii 1949 22 1133 1142 Soviet historians only briefly discuss Sokolov in the course of various works on the history of chemistry in Russia, while the only individual treatment (by Musabekov) of his life and career does not cover more than the bare facts that are available in other works. However, additional information about Sokolov is located in various Russian archives. These include the Russian State Historical Archive in St Petersburg (RGIA f. 381, op. 13, d. 7852, ll. 3–16); the St Petersburg State Historical Archive (f. 14, op. 1, d. 5982, ll, 1–105); and the Manuscript Section of the Saltykov-Shchedrin Library in St Petersburg (GPB RO f. 708, No. 921, ll. 1–4 ob). The latter gives Sokolov's patronymic as Pavlovich, although the rest of the biographical information is the same as the official service record held in RGIA.
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• Kozlov , N.S. 1960 . Nauchnaia i obshchestvennaia deiatel ‘nost’ A. N. Engel'gardt . Trudy Instituta istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki , 30 : 111 – 134 . A. G. Shestakov, ‘Aleksandr Nikolaevich Engel'gardt i agronomicheskaia khimiia’, in A. N. Engel'gardt, Izbrannye sochineniia (Moscow, 1959), 7–20. RGIA f. 398, op. 30, d. 11252, ll. 1–46. The best treatment of Engel'gardt in English is contained in Richard Wortman, The Crisis of Russian Populism (Cambridge, 1967), ch. 2.
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• This can be inferred from selections quoted from his diaries for 1852–54 in Shestakov Nauchnaia i obshchestvennaia deiatel ‘nost’ A. N. Engel'gardt Trudy Instituta istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki 1960 30 7 7
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• Borodin identified Engel'gardt as a participant in these kruzhki and in Zinin's laboratory: Borodin Butlerov Nikolai Nikolaevich Zinin. Vospominaniia o nem i biograficheskii ocherk Zhurnal Russkogo Fiziko-Khimicheskogo Obshchestva 1880 12 234 234
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• This list is given in Kozlov Ocherki istorii khimischeskikh obshestv SSSR Moscow 1958 13 13 1958
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• 1859 . Khimicheskii zhurnal , 1 ( 1 ) : ii – ii .
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• Fruton , Joseph S. 1990 . Contrasts in Scientific Style: Research Groups in the Chemical and Biochemical Sciences 290 – 290 . Philadelphia The official Russian service records for Sokolov do not list this time spent at Giessen, most likely because it was illegal for Sokolov to be abroad in 1850.
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• Morrell , J.B. 1972 . The Chemist Breeders: The Research Schools of Liebig and Thomas Thomson . Ambix , 19 : 1 – 46 .
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• For information about Liebig and agricultural chemistry, see Munday Pat Liebig's Metamorphosis: From Organic Chemistry to the Chemistry of Agriculture Ambix 1991 38 135 154 and Uschi Schling-Brodersen, ‘Liebig's Role in the Establishment of Agricultural Chemistry’, Ambix, 39 (1992), 21–31.
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• 1859 . Khimicheskii zhurnal , 1 ( 1 ) : iv – iv .
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• For discussions of Liebig's article, see Steven Turner R. Justus Liebig versus Prussian Chemistry: Reflections on Early Institute-Building in Germany Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 1982 13 129 162 and Regine Zott, ‘The Development of Science and Scientific Communication: Justus Liebig's Two Famous Publications of 1840’, Ambix, 40 (1993), 1–10.
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• 1859 . Khimicheskii zhurnal , 1 ( 1 ) : vii – viii .
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• See the letter from Engel'gardt to Shishkov quoted in Zhurnal Russkogo Fiziko-Khimicheskogo Obshchestva 1910 42 1343 1343
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• 1859 . Khimicheskii zhurnal , 1 ( 1 ) : ii – ii .
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• 1859 . Khimicheskii zhurnal , 1 ( 1 ) : ix – ix .
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• 1859 . Khimicheskii zhurnal , 1 ( 1 ) : ii – iii .
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• 1859 . Khimicheskii zhurnal , 1 ( 1 ) : ix – x .
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• 1859 . Khimicheskii zhurnal , 1 ( 1 ) : x – x .
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• Musabekov , Iu.S. 1953 . “ Pervyi russkii khimicheskii zhurnal i ego osnovateli ” . In Materialy po istorii otechestvennoi khimii 288 – 302 . Moscow for the idea of Government pressure, 289, N. S. Kozlov, ‘Pervyi russkii khimicheskii zhurnal’, Uchenye zapiskie [Permskago] pedagogicheskogo instituta, vyp. 13 (1954), 155–92, ‘There is reason to believe that the basic cause of the journal's closing was due to questions of material character and the serious illness of N. N. Sokolov’ (159); Musabekov (note 6); Kolov (note 7). Also see Kozlov (1958) (note 2), 504–10.
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• 1859 . Gornyi zhurnal , : 59 – 59 . no. 1
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• See the discussion of this point in Brooks The Formation of a Community of Chemists in Russia, 1700–1870 Columbia University 1989 PhD dissertation
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• 1859 . Khimicheskii zhurnal , 1 ( 12 ) back cover.
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• Quoted in Mladentsev M.N. Tishchenko V.E. Dmitrii Ivanovich Mendeleev, ego zhizn' i deiatel'nost Moscow and Leningrad 1938 1 227 228
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• Wortman . 1960 . Nauchnaia i obshchestvennaia deiatel ‘nost’ A. N. Engel'gardt . Trudy Instituta istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki , 30 : 38 – 38 . citing an archival source for his information.
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• The number and names of the subscribers to the Chemistry Journal were not published in the periodical, as was the case for the Journal of the Russian Chemical Society 1869 beginning in
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• Brooks . 1960 . Nauchnaia i obshchestvennaia deiatel ‘nost’ A. N. Engel'gardt . Trudy Instituta istorii estestvoznaniia i tekhniki , 30 : 7 – 7 . ch. 8.
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• See the letters from Il'in and Skinder to Mendeleev, quoted in Mladentsev Tishchenko Dmitrii Ivanovich Mendeleev, ego zhizn' i deiatel'nost Moscow and Leningrad 1938 1 210 212
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