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Annals of Science Volume 53, 1996 - Issue 5
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Export and smuggling of Spanish platina in the eighteenth century

Luis Fermín Capitán Vallvey Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071, Granada, Spain
Pages 467-487 | Received 04 Aug 1995, Published online: 18 Sep 2006

  • The convention of Usselman is used throughout: platina denotes the crude ore, and platinum the purified metal. Usselman M.C. William Wollaston, John Johnson and Colombian Alluvial Platina: a Study in Restricted Industrial Enterprise Annals of Science 1980 37 253 268
  • Capitán-Vallvey , L.F. 1989 . Las autoridades coloniales y la platina neogranadina a comienzos del siglo XVIII . Quipu , 5 : 429 – 443 .
  • Rikles , C.D. Malamud . 1986 . Cádiz y Saint Malo en el comercio colonial peruano (1698–1725) 29 – 51 . Cadiz A. Christelow, ‘Contraband trade between Jamaica and the Spanish Main and the Free Port Act of 1766’, Hispanic American Historical Review, 22 (1946), 309–43.
  • Watson , W. 1751 . Several Papers concerning a New Semi-metal called Platina . Philosophical Transactions , 46 : 584 – 596 .
  • Capitán-Vallvey , L.F. 1994 . The Spanish Monopoly of Platina: Stages in the Development and Implementation of a Policy . Platinum Metals Review , 38 : 22 – 31 . idem, ‘The Spanish Monopoly of Platina, Part II: First Attempts at Organising the Collection of Platina in the Viceroyalty of New Granada’, ibid., 126–33.
  • Capitán-Vallvey , L.F. 1994 . The Spanish Monopoly of Platina: Stages in the Development and Implementation of a Policy . Platinum Metals Review , 38 : 22 – 31 . Part II
  • Capitán-Vallvey , L.F. 1994 . Platina española para Europa en el siglo XVIII . Llull , 17 : 289 – 312 .
  • Capitán-Vallvey , L.F. 1994 . Platina española para Europa en el siglo XVIII . Llull , 17 : 289 – 312 .
  • Smeaton , W.A. 1960 . Fourcroy 28 – 29 . London
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  • Steele . 1982 . Flores para el Rey. La expedición de Ruiz y Pavón y la Flora de Perú (1777–1788) , 82 – 82 . Barcelona : Ediciones del Serbal .
  • Hamy , E.T. , ed. 1905 . Joseph Dombey, médecin, naturaliste, archéologue, explorateur du Pérou, du Chile et du Brésil (1778–1785): sa vie, son oeuvre, sa correspondence 45 – 46 . Paris 165; A. Lacroix, Figures des Savants (Paris, 1938), III, 131.
  • Steele . 1982 . Flores para el Rey. La expedición de Ruiz y Pavón y la Flora del Perú (1777–1788) , 77 – 77 . Barcelona : Ediciones del Serbal . 105
  • Hamy . 1905 . Joseph Dombey, médecin, naturaliste, archéologue, explorateur du Pérou, du Chile et du Brésil (1778–1785): sa vie, son oeuvre, sa correspondence Edited by: Hamy , E.T. 51 – 51 . Paris
  • Steele . 1982 . Flores para el Rey. La expedición de Ruiz y Pavón y la Flora del Perú (1777–1788) , 95 – 122 . Barcelona : Ediciones del Serbal .
  • Steele . 1982 . Flores para el Rey. La expedición de Ruiz y Pavón y la Flora del Perú (1777–1788) , 150 – 150 . Barcelona : Ediciones del Serbal .
  • Smeaton , W.A. 1964 . Jean-Baptiste Leblond. Naturalist and Platinum Smuggler . Platinum Metals Review , 13 : 111 – 113 .
  • British Library, Add. MS 8096, ff.222–3, Leblond to Banks; cited by Smeaton Jean-Baptiste Leblond. Naturalist and Platinum Smuggler Platinum Metals Review 1964 13 111 113
  • British Library, Add. MS 8096, ff.222–3, Leblond to Banks; cited by Smeaton Jean-Baptiste Leblond. Naturalist and Platinum Smuggler Platinum Metals Review 1964 13 111 113
  • Smeaton . 1964 . Jean-Baptiste Leblond. Naturalist and Platinum Smuggler . Platinum Metals Review , 13 : 111 – 113 .
  • Smeaton . 1964 . Jean-Baptiste Leblond. Naturalist and Platinum Smuggler . Platinum Metals Review , 13 : 111 – 113 .
  • Smeaton , W.A. 1968 . Platinum Sales Problems in the French Revolution . Platinum Metals Review , 12 : 64 – 66 .
  • Tillet , M. 1779 . Memoire sur le moyen de dissoudre la platine par l'acide nitreux . Memoires de l'Académie Royal des Sciences , : 373 – 377 . idem, ‘Second memoire sur le moyen de dissoudre la platine par l'acide nitreux’, ibid., 385–437; idem, ‘Observation relative au second memoire contenu dans ce volume, page 385, sur le moyen de dissoudre la platine par l'acide nitreux’, ibid., 545–9.
  • Achard , F.K. 1781 . Sur l'arsenic et sur sa combinaison avec différents corps. Premier mémoire . Nouveaux Memoires de l'Académie Royal des Sciences (Berlin) , 12 : 103 – 111 .
  • Guyton de Morveau , L.B. 1786 . Ueber die Verfertigung von Geräthschaften aus Platina . Annalen der Chemie , 1 : 157 – 163 .
  • Rochon , A.M. 1797–98 . Use of Platinum for Telescopes and in the Arts . Journal of Physique , 4 : 3 – 15 .
  • Achard . 1781 . Sur l'arsenic et sur sa combinaison avec différents corps. Premier mémoire . Nouveaux Memoires de l'Académie Royal des Sciences (Berlin) , 12
  • Guyton de Morveau , L.B. 1787 . Brief über Platina Gefäse (Platina zu Tiegeln sehr geegnet wenn die Platinaprodukt nicht zu einige schrängt sei) . Annalen der Chemie , 2 : 243 – 245 .
  • Lavoisier , A.L. 1790 . Observations sur le platine . Annales de Chimie , 5 : 137 – 141 .
  • McDonald and Hunt . 1982 . A History of Platinum and its Allied Metals 117 – 117 . London 179
  • Klaproth , M.H. 1802 . Anwendbarkeit der Platina zu Verzierungen auf Porcellan . Allgemeines Journal der Chemie , 9 : 413 – 422 .
  • McDonald and Hunt . 1982 . A History of Platinum and its Allied Metals 126 – 127 . London
  • Capitán-Vallvey . 1994 . The Spanish Monopoly of Platina: Stages in the Development and Implementation of a Policy . Platinum Metals Review , 38
  • Rochon . 1797–98 . Use of Platinum for Telescopes and in the Arts . Journal of Physique , 4 : 3 – 15 .
  • Rochon . 1798 . Use of Platinum for Telescopes and in the Arts . Philosophical Magazine , 2
  • Knight , R. 1800 . A New and Expeditious Process for Rendering Platina Malleable . Philosophical Magazine , 6 : 1 – 3 .
  • Tilloch , A. 1805 . On a New Process of Rendering Platina Malleable . Philosophical Magazine , 21 : 175 – 175 .
  • McDonald and Hunt . 1982 . A History of Platinum and its Allied Metals 138 – 140 . London
  • Capitán-Vallvey . 1994 . Platina española para Europa en el siglo XVIII . Llull , 17
  • Capitán-Vallvey . 1994 . The Spanish Monopoly of Platina: Stages in the Development and Implementation of a Policy . Platinum Metals Review , 38 L. F. Capitán-Vallvey, ‘The Flow of Latin American Platina to Spain in the Eighteenth Century’, Platinum Metal Review (in press).
  • Archivo General de Indias ff.315r – 16v . Santa Fé leg. 835, 4.2.1796, Albuerne to Godoy
  • Lavoisier . 1790 . Observations sur le platine . Annales de Chimie , 5 : 137 – 141 .
  • Foronda , V. 1793 . “ Disertación sobre la platina ” . In Miscelánea o colección de varios discursos 76 – 94 . Madrid (93)
  • González , A. García-Baquero . 1976 . Cádiz y el Atlántico (1717–1778) , Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos, no. 237 Vol. II , Seville 2 vols 215ff
  • Sánchez-Barba , M. Hernández . 1981 . Historia de América , Alhambra Universidad Vol. I , 327ff – 327ff . Madrid 2 vols
  • Rodríguez Vicente , M.E. 1960 . El Tribunal del Consulado de Lima en la primera mitad del siglo XVII 254 – 257 . Madrid
  • Rikles , Malamud . 1986 . Cádiz y Saint Malo en el comercio colonial peruano (1698–1725) 35 – 35 . Cadiz
  • Capitán-Vallvey . 1994 . The Spanish Monopoly of Platina: Stages in the Development and Implementation of a Policy . Platinum Metals Review , 38
  • Archivo Histórico Nacional de Colombia Vol. 5 , Cauca Mines 25.10.1786, Smith to Caballero, ff.820r–1v
  • Archivo Histórico Nacional de Colombia Vol. 5 , Cauca Mines 26.12.1786, Caballero to Smith, f.877r, v.
  • Archivo Histórico Nacional de Colombia Vol. 2 , Cauca Mines 7. 6.1787, Moreno to Caballero, ff.850r–1r.
  • Malibrán , V. Salzas . 1804 . “ Noticias sobre la platina ” . In Estudio sobre las minas de oro y plata de Colombia Edited by: Restrepo , V. 77 – 83 . Bogotá 1888 Archivo General de Indias, Santa Fé, leg. 835, 17.1.1787, Sonora to Caballero, ff.172r–3r.
  • Archivo Histórico Nacional de Colombia Vol. 2 , Cauca Mines 2.6.1787, Sorribo to Caballero, f.855r, v.
  • Archivo Histórico Nacional de Colombia Vol. 2 , Cauca Mines undated due to damage, probably between 7.6.1787 and 14.7.1787, Caballero to Moreno, f.853r.
  • Biblioteca del Palacio Real, Ayala Collection Vol. LXXI , 1 – 1 . Domínguez Bordona Catalogue 347, ‘Juicio o parecer de D. Antonio de Ulloa sobre el metal platina y el modo mas económico de explotarlo de las minas del Virreinato de Santa Fé’ (1738), 13 pp.
  • Capitán-Vallvey . 1994 . The Spanish Monopoly of Platina: Stages in the Development and Implementation of a Policy . Platinum Metals Review , 38
  • Archivo Histórico Nacional de Colombia Vol. 5 , Cauca Mines 17.6.1788, Caballero to Popayán Governor, ff.872v–3r.
  • Archivo General de Indias Sante Fé leg. 835, 23.5.1802, Marquis of Aviles to Soler, ff.597r–8v.
  • Malibrán , Salzas . 1804 . “ Noticias sobre la platina ” . In Estudio sobre las minas de oro y plata de Colombia Edited by: Restrepo , V. 77 – 83 . Bogotá 1888
  • Archivo General de Indias Santa Fé leg. 835, 18.3.1789, Nota de los gastos ocasionadaos con motivo del nuevo establecimiento de la Real Fábrica de Platina, ff.193r–5r.
  • Smeaton . 1960 . Fourcroy 139 – 139 . London
  • Archivo General de Indias Lima leg. 1108, 18.12.1786, no. 807, Escobedo to Gálvez.
  • See Archivo General de Indias Sante Fé leg. 835, 23.5.1802, Marquis of Aviles to Soler, ff.597r–8v.
  • Archivo General de Indias Santa Fé leg. 835, 27.1.1796, Albuerne to Casamayor, ff.319r–20r.
  • Capitán-Vallvey . 1994 . Platina española para Europa en el siglo XVIII . Llull , 17
  • Archivo General de Indias Santa Fé leg. 835, 4.2.1796, Vega to Godoy, ff.315r–16r.
  • See Smeaton Jean-Baptiste Leblond. Naturalist and Platinum Smuggler Platinum Metals Review 1964 13 111 113
  • Knight . 1800 . A New and Expeditious Process for Rendering Platina Malleable . Philosophical Magazine , 6 : 1 – 3 .
  • Archivo General de Indias Santa Fé leg. 835, 6.7.1798, Cabezas to Clavijo, ff.404r–9r; Capitán-Vallvey (note 7).
  • Chaldecott , J.A. 1979 . William Cary and his association with William Hyde Wollaston: The marketing of Malleable Platinum in Britain from 1805 to 1824 . Platinum Metals Review , 23 : 112 – 123 .
  • Archivo General de Indias Santa Fé leg. 835, 19.1.1802, Mendinueta to Soler, ff.551r–4r.
  • Giraldo , M. Lucena and Flores , M.M. 1992 . “ La minería en las relaciones e informes de los virreyes y gobernantes de Nueva Granada (1729–1818) ” . In La minería en Nueva Granada: Notas históricas 1500–1810 Edited by: López de Azcona , J.M. 31 – 35 . Madrid
  • Malibrán , Salzas . 1804 . “ Noticias sobre la platina ” . In Estudio sobre las minas de oro y plata de Colombia Edited by: Restrepo , V. Bogotá 1888
  • See Archivo General de Indias Santa Fé ff.315r 16v leg. 835, 4.2.1796, Albuerne to Godoy
  • Malibrán , Salzas . 1804 . “ Noticias sobre la platina ” . In Estudio sobre las minas de oro y plata de Colombia Edited by: Restrepo , V. Bogotá 1888
  • Archivo Histórico Nacional de Colombia Vol. 5 , Cauca Mines 14.7.1787, Caballero to Sonora, ff.857r–8v.
  • Chaldecott , J.A. 1981 . Justus Erich Bollmann and his Platinum Enterprises: Activities in North America and Europe before the year 1816 . Platinum Metals Review , 25 : 163 – 172 .
  • Chaldecott , J.A. 1983 . Justus Erich Bollmann and Francisco Antonio Zea . Platinum Metals Review , 27 : 81 – 90 . M. C. Usselman, ‘The Platinum Notebooks of William Hyde Wollaston’, Platinum Metals Review, 22 (1978), 100–6.
  • McDonald , D. 1966 . William Hyde Wollaston: The Production of Malleable Platinum . Platinum Metals Review , 10 : 101 – 106 .
  • McDonald and Hunt . 1982 . A History of Platinum and its Allied Metals 114 – 115 . London
  • McDonald and Hunt . 1982 . A History of Platinum and its Allied Metals 148 – 148 . London
  • McDonald , D. 1961 . The Discovery of Iridium and Osmium: Bicentenary of Smithson Tennant . Platinum Metals Review , 5 : 146 – 148 . J. A. Chaldecott, ‘Platinum and Palladium in Astronomy and Navigation: the Pioneer Work of Edward Troughton and William Hyde Wollaston’, Platinum Metals Review, 31 (1987), 91–100; a collection of the notebooks of W. H. Wollaston and other manuscripts relating to his life and work found in 1949 by L. F. Gilbert in the Department of Mineralogy and Petrology, Cambridge, see L. F. Gilbert, ‘W. H. Wollaston MSS at Cambridge’, Notes & Records of the Royal Society, 9 (1952), 311–32.
  • Usselman , M.C. 1989 . Merchandising Malleable Platinum: the Scientific and Financial Partnership of Smithson Tennant and William Hyde Wollaston . Platinum Metals Review , 33 : 129 – 136 .
  • Crawley , C.W. , ed. 1972 . Historia del Mundo moderno Vol. IX , 224ff – 224ff . Barcelona
  • Usselman . 1980 . William Wollaston, John Johnson and Colombian Alluvial Platina: a Study in Restricted Industrial Enterprise . Annals of Science , 37
  • Usselman . 1980 . William Wollaston, John Johnson and Colombian Alluvial Platina: a Study in Restricted Industrial Enterprise . Annals of Science , 37
  • Chaldecott . 1983 . Justus Erich Bollmann and Francisco Antonio Zea . Platinum Metals Review , 27 : 81 – 90 .
  • Chaldecott . 1983 . Justus Erich Bollmann and Francisco Antonio Zea . Platinum Metals Review , 27 : 81 – 90 .
  • Capitán-Vallvey . The Flow of Latin American Platina to Spain in the Eighteenth Century . Platinum Metal Review ,
  • Usselman . 1980 . William Wollaston, John Johnson and Colombian Alluvial Platina: a Study in Restricted Industrial Enterprise . Annals of Science , 37
  • Usselman . 1978 . The Platinum Notebooks of William Hyde Wollaston . Platinum Metals Review , 22 : 100 – 106 .
  • Chaldecott . 1981 . Justus Erich Bollmann and his Platinum Enterprises: Activities in North America and Europe before the year 1816 . Platinum Metals Review , 25 : 163 – 172 .
  • Usselman . 1980 . William Wollaston, John Johnson and Colombian Alluvial Platina: a Study in Restricted Industrial Enterprise . Annals of Science , 37
  • Capitán-Vallvey . 1994 . The Spanish Monopoly of Platina: Stages in the Development and Implementation of a Policy . Platinum Metals Review , 38 and footnote 46

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