- The Reader: A Weekly Journal of Literature, Art and Science ‘Prospectus’ (4 February 1865), cited by R. M. MacLeod, ‘Seeds of Competition’, Nature, 224 (1 November 1969), 431–34 (434). NB: All articles mentioned in the notes are anonymous unless otherwise indicated.
- Those which most closely relate to the journals discussed here are Sheets-Pyenson Low Scientific Culture in London and Paris, 1820–1875 PhD dissertation Pennsylvania 1976 Sheets-Pyenson, ‘Popular Science Periodicals in Paris and London: the Emergence of a Low Scientific Culture, 1820–1875’, Annals of Science, 42 (1985), 549–72; Brock, ‘The Development of Commercial Science Journals in Victorian Britain’, in Development of Science Publishing in Europe, edited by A. J. Meadows (Amsterdam, 1980), 95–122; Brock, ‘Patronage and Publishing: Journal of Microscopy 1839–1989’, Journal of Microscopy, 155 (1989), 249–66; and Brock, ‘Medicine and the Victorian Scientific Press’, in Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge : Historical Essays, edited by W. F. Bynum, Stephen Lock, and Roy Porter (London and New York, 1992), 70–89.
- Lightman , B.V. , ed. 1997 . “The Voices of Nature”: Popularising Victorian Science ” . In Victorian Science in Context 187 – 211 . Chicago in
- Lockyer , Norman . 1919 . Valedictory Memories . Nature , November Jubilee Issue (6 189; and the series of articles by Roy Macleod, ‘Science in Grub Street’, ‘Macmillan and the Scientists’, ‘Seeds of Competition’, ‘Macmillan and the Young Guard’, ‘The New Journal’, Nature, 224 (1 November 1969), 423–39 (433–8).
- Turner , F.M. 1980 . Public Science in Britain 1880–1919 . Isis , 71 : 589 – 608 . (591). Reprinted in Contesting Cultural Authority: Essays in Victorian Intellectual Life (Cambridge, 1993), 201–28.
- See W. B. Carpenter's description of John Tyndall when opposing Tyndall's account of germ theory. Cited by Strick James The British Spontaneous Generation Controversy, 1860–1880: Medicine, Evolution, and Laboratory Science in the Victorian Context PhD dissertation Princeton 1997 232 232 in
- The number of popular science journals created peaked in the 1820s and 1860s; the total number publishing peaked in the 1860s, with a fall-off in numbers in the 1870s for natural history journals although not for general science and mechanics’ magazines. See Sheets-Pyenson Popular Science Periodicals 551 551 PhD dissertation Pennsylvania and for more detail see her ‘Low Scientific Culture’ (note 2), 50–5.
- W. H. Brock identifies the general conditions of periodical publishing and the economics of science publishing in ‘Commercial Science Journals’ (note 2) Sheets-Pyenson Low Scientific Culture in London and Paris, 1820–1875 PhD dissertation Pennsylvania 1976 98 102 See also Sheets-Pyenson, ‘Low Scientific Culture’ (note 2), 27–30; and R. K. Webb, ‘The Victorian Reading Public’, in From Dickens to Hardy, edited by Boris Ford, The Pelican Guide to English Literature, VI (Harmondsworth, 1958), 205–26 (214–19).
- 1976 . “ Popular Science Periodicals ” . In Low Scientific Culture in London and Paris, 1820–1875 553 – 554 . PhD dissertation Pennsylvania and ‘Low Scientific Culture’ (note 2), ch. 2.
- For percentage contents see the Appendix and for costs see Sheets-Pyenson Popular Science Periodicals Low Scientific Culture in London and Paris, 1820–1875 1976 PhD dissertation Pennsylvania Appendix.
- Brock , W.H. Science, Technology and Education in The English Mechanic , 11 1 – 14 . article XIV in Science for All: Studies in the History of Victorian Science and Education (Aldershot, 1996).
- Oxford English Dictionary ‘organ (7c)’.
- 1860 . To Our Readers . Chemical News , 2 December : 313 – 313 . 15 and 3 (5 January 1861), 1–2.
- 1868 . Our Address . Scientific Opinion: A Weekly Journal of Scientific Progress at Home and Abroad , 1 November : 1 – 1 . 11
- 1870 . Our Past and Our Future . Scientific Opinion , 3 January : 1 – 1 . 5
- On employment see The Patronage of Science in the Nineteenth Century Turner G.L'E. Leyden 1976 especially W. H. Brock, ‘The Spectrum of Scientific Patronage’, pp. 173–206, reprinted as article I in Science for All (note 11). The growing importance of science to industry has been argued by a number of economic historians; see, for example, Peter Mathias, The Transformation of England: Essays in the Economic and Social History of England in the Eighteenth Century (london, 1979) and The First Industrial Nation: An Economic History of Britain 1700–1914, 2nd edn (London and New York, 1983), 124–25.
- 1864 . Introduction . Quarterly Journal of Science , 1 January : 1 – 23 . 4
- Turner . 1980 . Public Science in Britain 1880–1919 . Isis , 71 : 589 – 589 .
- 1904 . “ On the Advisableness of Improving Natural Knowledge ” . In Collected Essays, Vol. 1 Methods and Results 18 – 41 . London (25, 40–41).
- Gieryn , Thomas . 1983 . Boundary-Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non-Science: Strains and Interests in Professional Ideologies of Scientists . American Sociological Review , 48 : 781 – 795 .
- Secord , Anne . 1994 . Science in the Pub: Artisan Botanists in Early Nineteenth-Century Lancashire . History of Science , 32 : 269 – 315 . (297).
- Turner's , Frank . 1978 . The Victorian Conflict between Science and Religion: A Professional Dimension . Isis , 69 : 356 – 376 . is the classic statement about professionalization excluding clergy; Sheets-Pyenson (note 2) has emphasized the use of republican metaphors by lower class amateurs and shown how this participatory vision of the scientific community declined in the latter half of the nineteenth century; Secord (note 21) links these different exclusions together to note that the category of ‘amateur’ was produced along with the category of ‘professional’ (297).
- Not included in this analysis are the Scientific Review and Journal of the Inventors’ Institute 1865–83 and The English Mechanic (1865–1926), successful journals categorized as mechanics' magazines by Sheets-Pyenson, both of which had a broad scientific content. Also omitted are a series of failures, Scientific Record (1864), Mirror of Science (1864–5), The Laboratory (1867), World of Science (1868–9), and Scientific Summary (1870).
- Crookes mentioned the losses in a letter to Samuelson, 12 May 1869, in Fournier E.E. D'Albe The Life of Sir William Crookes London 1923 187 187 For circulation figures see Alvar Ellegard, Darwin and the General Reader: The Reception of Darwin's Theory of Evolution in the British Periodical Press, 1859–1872 (1958; reprinted Chicago, 1990), 379–81. Although the figures are from commercial sources and therefore may be subject to inflation one could hope that comparisons are valid: Recreative Science, 2000; Intellectual Observer, 3000; The Student, 1000; Popular Science Review, 3000 over the period 1862–72; Quarterly Journal of Science, 1000 in the mid-1860s and early 1870s.
- Ellegard Fournier E.E. D'Albe The Life of Sir William Crookes London 1923 187 187 Sheets-Pyenson, ‘Low Scientific Culture’ (note 2), 93; ‘Notice to Our Readers’, Intellectual Observer, 12 (January 1868), 401–2 (401).
- The 1865 price rise was announced in Notice to our Readers Intellectual Observer February 1865 7 1 3 (2), For other prices see Sheet-Pyenson, ‘Popular Science Periodicals’ (note 2), 567. Advertising can also be used to gauge audiences, but advertising pages usually remain only in unbound volumes of which relatively few can be found in libraries.
- James Shirley Hibberd (1825–90). See DNB IX the British Museum, Catalogue of Printed Books; Frederic Boase, Modern English Biography, 3 vols and Supplement (1892–1921; reprinted London, 1965), I. Editors were often involved in a number of ventures, see Sheets-Pyenson, ‘Low Scientific Culture’ (note 2), 168, 195, 208 and, for examples, Brock, ‘Commercial Science Journals’ (note 2), 111–16.
- Henry James Slack (1818–96) is identified in the Dictionary of National Biography XVIII as editor of both the later titles. From a business family, he had given up business for journalism in 1846. He had published a popular microscopical study of pond life in 1861, and later, in 1878, became president of the Royal Microscopical Society. ‘The Work of the Year’, the lead article in the new title in February 1862, was signed ‘H’ which I take to stand for Hibberd not Henry.
- For example, Slack supported the higher education of women, was a member of the Jamaica Committee in 1865, and was President of the Sunday League (supporting popular lectures on Sunday evenings) in 1879. See DNB and Semmel Bernard Jamaican Blood and Victorian Conscience : The Governor Eyre Controversy London 1962 64 64
- William Bernhard Tegetmeier (1816–1912) was born in Germany, educated at University College, wrote widely on ornithology, and contributed to and later edited the Field newspaper. See Men of the Time: A Dictionary of Contemporaries … , 11th edn Cooper Thompson London 1884 and Chambers Biographical Dictionary, edited by J. O. Thorne (1897; new edn London, 1961). Unless he had an independent income he lived from writing and journalism.
- Webb (1806–85) is described in the Dictionary of National Biography XX as having ‘done more than any other to advance the cause of amateur observation’ in astronomy. For S. P. Woodward (1821–65) see Boase (note 27), III. For Mary Ward see Owen Harry, ‘The Hon. Mrs. Ward (1827–1869); A Wife, Mother, Microscopist and Astronomer in Ireland 1854–69’, in Science in Ireland, 1800–1930: Tradition and Reform, edited by J. R. Nudds et al. (Dublin, 1988), 187–97.
- September 1865 . Cattle Plague and Scientific Investigation Vol. 8 , September , 127 – 133 . was unsigned; ‘Life and Death in our Mines’, 9 (February 1866), 1–16, was by Jabez Hogg.
- Hibberd , Shirley . 1862 . Intellectual Observer , 2 March : 123 – 130 . A. Davies, Recreative Science, 1 (January 1860); John Broughton, Intellectual Observer, 8 (December 1865), 358–67 respectively. Spencer Thomson's regular pieces on wayside weeds appeared in Recreative Science between August 1859 and June 1860. He was identified as ‘M.D.’
- 1868 . Notice to Our Readers . Intellectual Observer , 12 January : 401 – 402 . Similar claims were made three years previously in ‘Notice to Our Readers’ (note 26).
- Friswell , Hain . 1859 . Humboldt Part I . Recreative Science , 1 August : 45 – 57 . and ‘Mr Noteworthy's Corner’, Recreative Science, 3 (April 1861), 32.
- Grover , Charles . January 1866 . A Substitute for a Position Micrometer Vol. 8 , January , 447 – 450 . (a brush maker and amateur astronomer) The paper had been sent in by the regular amateur contributor, the Revd T. W. Webb.
- Popular Science Periodicals . 1976 . “ Low Scientific Culture in London and Paris, 1820–1875 ” . In PhD dissertation Pennsylvania 555 – 555 . and ‘Low Scientific Culture’ (note 2), 101.
- 1859 . The Endeavour . Recreative Science , 1 August : 1 – 2 . The Recreative Science series did not consistently capitalize, for example, ‘his’ here in reference to God.
- Hibberd , Shirley . 1860 . The Heavenly Symbol of Human Knowledge . Recreative Science , 2 June : 1 – 3 . and ‘H’, ‘The Thirst that is Never Satisfied’, Recreative Science, 3 (April 1861), 1–3 (2).
- Samuelson , James . 1860 . The Common House Spider . Recreative Science , 1 February : 217 – 222 . 222
- Desmond , A. 1992 . The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London 200 – 222 . Chicago
- Ansted , D.T. 1864 . Missing Chapters of Geological Theory . Intellectual Observer , 6 August : 12 – 30 . Ansted (1814–80) had previously been Professor of Geology of King's College, but he continued to use the title; see Dictionary of National Biography, I and Boase (note 27), I.
- 1868 . Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication . The Student , 1 : 179 – 188 . 188
- 1868 . Lyell's Geological Philosophy . The Student , 1 : 303 – 308 . (307–8); J. H. Brooke, Science and Religion: Some Historical Perspectives (Cambridge, 1991), ch. 6.
- 1868 . Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication . The Student , 1 : 181 – 181 . For the inductivism see Hibberd, ‘The Progress of Zoology’, 1 (May 1862), 245–64 (247), and Slack, ‘Life Changes in the Globe’, 1 (June 1862), 325–42 (325).
- 1868 . Popular Delusions of Technical Education . The Student , 1 June : 337 – 342 . 339
- Yeo , R. 1986 . “ Scientific Method and the Rhetoric of Science in Britain, 1830–1917 ” . In The Politics and Rhetoric of Scientific Method: Historical Studies Edited by: Schuster , J.A. and Yeo , R. 259 – 297 . Dordrecht in (269); Sheets-Pyenson, ‘Popular Science Periodicals’ (note 2), 553–5, 563.
- A critical review of Professor Haughton's Geology Intellectual Observer 1865 8 199 205 (199) and, for the amateur contributor, see above at note 36.
- 1862 . Work of the Year . Intellectual Observer , 1 February : 1 – 10 . (10).
- The Revd James William M'Gauley was a member of the Council of the Inventors' Institute, a contributor to their Scientific Review, and one-time professor of natural philosophy to the board of national education in Ireland. See Dictionary of National Biography, XII and Allibone S. A. A Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors … 3 vols London 1859–71) II. M'Gauley was a regular contributor to the Intellectual Observer from 1862 until his death in 1867 although, according to the DNB, he went to Canada in 1856 and did not arrive in London until 1865.
- 1865 . Notice to our Readers . Intellectual Observer , 7 February : 2 – 2 . This category was described as ‘discoveries in applied sciences and practical arts’.
- 1862 . Aluminium . Intellectual Observer , 1 April : 176 – 190 . (190). Compare ‘Prime Movers’, 1 (February 1862), 10–24; and ‘Chemical Manufactures’, 2 (September 1862), 108–15.
- 1868 . Notice to Our Readers . Intellectual Observer , 12 January : 401 – 402 . New Series were often started for this reason according to Brock, ‘Commercial Science Journals’ (note 2), 97.
- 1868 . The Student , 1 June : 342 – 342 .
- 1870 . The Student , 5 June : 521 – 527 . (521).
- 1867 . Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection . Intellectual Observer , 10 January : 477 – 478 . (478).
- By Collingwood C. Popular Science Review 1862 1 461 473
- By Coultas Harland Ansted D.T. 1866 2 365 372 respectively and 458–65.
- ‘Science in the Provinces’ or, sometimes, ‘Provincial Institutions and Societies’ was usually a subsection of ‘Miscellanea’. Sheets-Pyenson emphasizes the metropolitan context of journalism in ‘Popular Science Periodicals’ Low Scientific Culture in London and Paris, 1820–1875 PhD dissertation Pennsylvania 1976 552 552
- James Samuelson (1829–?) was the youngest brother of Sir Bernhard Samuelson of the Devonshire Royal Commission. He founded the Liverpool Science and Art classes and was active in liberal political causes. See Men and Women of the Time: A Dictionary of Contemporaries , 14th edn revised Plarr Victor G. London 1895 and, for his many publications, British Museum, Catalogue of Printed Books. Dates of publications suggest that he was still flourishing after 1910.
- 1862 . Introduction . Popular Science Review , 1 : 1 – 8 . (3 and 7).
- For a more direct expression of natural theology from Samuelson see The Lowest Forms of Life Popular Science Review 1862 1 150 159 (155) and his article on the house spider in Recreative Science (note 40). Samuelson probably did intend to include ‘her’ as will be discussed below.
- Gore , George . 1862 . On the Relation of Science to Electroplate Manufactures . Popular Science Review , 1 : 327 – 331 . (328).
- Gore . 1862 . On the Relation of Science to Electroplate Manufactures . Popular Science Review , 1 : 329 – 330 . Gore (1826–1908) was a chemist in a Birmingham phosphorus factory and was publishing on electrometallurgy in the 1860s. He was widely respected as an electrochemist. See Dictionary of National Biography (1901–1911).
- Hunt , Robert . 1862 . Iron and Steel . Popular Science Review , : 61 – 79 . (78).
- 1862 . Science in the Provinces . Popular Science Review , 1 : 362 – 367 . (363). I interpret the unexpected capitalization as due to poor proofreading.
- Secord . 1994 . Science in the Pub: Artisan Botanists in Early Nineteenth-Century Lancashire . History of Science , 32 : 297 – 297 .
- For the latter see Miscellanea Popular Science Review 1862 1 123 128 (123).
- 1976 . The Naturalist in Britain: A Social History London
- 1862 . The Progress of Science Schools and Classes, with Hints for their Formation . Popular Science Review , 1 : 223 – 227 .
- 1862 . Science Schools and Classes . Popular Science Review , 1 : 223 – 227 . and ‘Rewards and Honours for Proficiency in Science’, Popular Science Review, 1 (1862), 126–7.
- 1862 . Miscellanea . Popular Science Review , 1 : 123 – 123 .
- Henry Lawson (1840–77) had translated Armand de Quatrefages, Metamorphoses of Man and Lower Animals (1864). See Brock The Development of Commercial Science Journals in Victorian Britain Development of Science Publishing in Europe Meadows A.J. Amsterdam 1980 253 253 in British Museum, Catalogue of Printed Books; and, for his editorship of Scientific Opinion, The English Mechanic, 15 July 1870, 385.
- 1865 . Popular Science Review , 4 for most of these examples; the atmospheric hammer, 118 and the self-regulating thermometer, 232–3.
- Brock . 1992 . “ Medicine and the Victorian Scientific Press ” . In Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge : Historical Essays Edited by: Bynum , W. F. 84 – 85 . London and New York in Stephen Lock, and Roy Porter
- 1865 . Memoirs of the Anthropological Society Vol. 4 , 489 – 491 . All reviews were unsigned but I am assuming that those on the life sciences were written by Lawson himself.
- Boner , Charles . 1865 . Extract of Meat . Popular Science Review , 4 : 292 – 301 . (292–3).
- Bird . 1865 . Popular Science Review , 4 : 202 – 202 . Whitley, 8 (1869), 30; Fripp, 5 (1866), 314 and 442. Fripp illustrates the difficulty of identifying contributors. One entry in the Library of Congress National Union Catalogue gives his dates as 1816–80, but I have been unable to find his name in any biographical source. Many contributors who were given no institutional affiliation are impossible to identify.
- Margaret Plues wrote on natural history topics and on the rosary (see Allibone [note 50], ii and Kirk J.F. A Supplement to Allibone's Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors Philadelphia 1891 II 2 vols Phebe Lankester (c. 1824–1900), the wife of Edwin Lankester who was also a contributor, was ‘a capable botanist’ according to Mary P. English, Victorian Values: The Life and Times of Dr. Edwin Lankester M.D., F.R.S. (Bristol, 1990), 37. She had seven children, the youngest being about two when she first contributed to the Popular Science Review. See also Joe Lester, E. Ray Lankester and the Making of Modern British Biology, edited by Peter Bowler (Faringdon, 1995), 7–9.
- Samuelson asked Crookes to be responsible for ‘Chemical Science’ (which became both ‘Pure Chemistry’ and ‘Applied Chemistry’) and Crookes replied in November 1861 offering to add photography and physical science. See D'Albe's Life of Crookes London 1923 69 69
- 1865 . A Year at the Shore . Popular Science Review , 4 : 357 – 359 . (357).
- 1865 . A Year at the Shore . Popular Science Review , 4 : 358 – 358 .
- 1865 . Man's Age in the World . Popular Science Review , 4 : 644 – 645 .
- In 1871, when the relationship soured, Crookes reminded Samuelson that the suggestion came from the latter D'Albe The Life of Sir William Crookes London 1923 187 187 Crookes first offered to assist Samuelson in 1861 after reading the prospectus for the Popular Science Review (D'Albe, p. 65).
- 1996 . Science and Culture in Mid-Victorian Britain: The Reviews, and William Crookes . Quarterly Journal of Science', Nuncius , 11 : 43 – 54 .
- 1864 . Introduction Vol. 1 , 1 – 23 . (4).
- 1864 . Introduction Vol. 1 , 15 – 18 . and 21.
- More precise figures are: Popular Science Review (1863) articles 52%, ‘Miscellanea’ (news items and commentary) 11%, reviews 12%, ‘Scientific Summary’ 24%;Quarterly Journal of Science (1865) articles 37%, ‘Chronicles of Science’ 41%, reviews 13%, British Association reports 6%, ‘Notes and Correspondence’ 4%. The format varied, for example, in 1866 and 1867 the book reviews were grouped with original articles in the Quarterly Journal of Science (making it look more like a traditional review journal), before reverting to a separate section in 1868.
- The Quarterly Journal of Science, like the Popular Science Review, listed astronomy, botany, chemistry, geology and palaeontology, physics, and zoology. It introduced agriculture, but so did the Popular Science Review, in 1864. The differences show no systematic pattern. The QJS extended ‘mineralogy and metallurgy’ to explicitly cover mining; but did not introduce ‘engineering’, corresponding to the ‘mechanical science’ of the PSR, until 1867. The QJS initially followed the PSR in having microscopy and photography sections, but although these disappeared within two years the equally popular topics of entomology and geography, not represented in the PSR, were added. A medicine section was not introduced in the QJS although public health had a column in 1867–8.
- 1864 . Chemistry , 1 : 115 – 119 . (115) and ‘Physics’, 3 (1866), 432–8 (438). One failure, The Scientific Record: A Weekly Journal of Scientific Progress, was ‘devoted exclusively to the publication of facts’ (p. 4). It appeared twice in April 1864.
- Knight . 1996 . Science and Culture in Mid-Victorian Britain: The Reviews, and William Crookes . Quarterly Journal of Science', Nuncius , 11 : 43 – 54 .
- 1867 . Creation by Law , 4 October : 471 – 487 . Fleeming Jenkin's anonymous ‘The Origin of Species’, which appeared in June 1867, was a major challenge to Darwin and Wallace's response was rapid. See Adrian Desmond and James Moore, Darwin (London, 1991), 547.
- 1867 . Our Field Clubs: Their Aims, Objects, and Work , 4 : 508 – 513 . Given the interest in field clubs shown by the Popular Science Review under his editorship, Samuelson is the likely author of this review.
- 1866 . Synthetical Chemistry , 3 : 34 – 43 . and ‘Sewage and Sewerage’, 3 (1866), 180–99.
- 1864 . Introduction Vol. 1 , 21 – 21 . ‘The Science and Art Department’, 2 (1865), 1–13 (2–4, 7); ‘The Science Teachers' Association’, 2 (1865), 706–7; ‘The Association of Certified Science Teachers’, 3 (1866), 605–6.
- 1865 . Human Physiology , 2 : 154 – 156 .
- 1864 . Mining, Mineralogy and Metallurgy , 1 : 137 – 154 . (141). Captain Tyler (identified as: Royal Engineers, Railway Department, Board of Trade), ‘On Circulation and Communication in Railway Trains’, 2 (1865), 571–91; ‘Air-Pollution by Chemical Works’, 6 (1869), 330–41.
- 1866 . Synthetical Chemistry , 3 : 40 – 40 . Crookes was probably the author.
- 1866 . Annual Retrospect for 1865 , 3 : 133 – 147 . (141). The local Liverpool knowledge suggests that Samuelson was the author.
- 1866 . Annual Retrospect for 1865 Vol. 3 , 139 – 139 . and ‘Engineering, Civil and Mechanical’, 4 (1867), 104–9 (105).
- 1864 . Introduction , 1 : 23 – 23 .
- 1865 . The Modern Aspects of Physical Science , 5 : 329 – 337 . (331). The review was unsigned but as Crookes covered the physical sciences I assume him to be the author.
- 1864 . Introduction , 1 : 22 – 22 . ‘The Origin and Antiquity of Man’, a review of four books, 3 (1860), 54–60 (60); ‘Synthetical Chemistry’ (note 96), 40.
- 1867 . Richardson's Ether Spray and Painless Operations , 4 : 58 – 63 . and Samuelson, ‘On an Extraneous Meat Supply’, 5 (1868), 1–10 (9). In the latter Samuelson argued that, given suitable preserving processes, cheap meat could be imported from the Argentine and the Australian colonies. Spencer, in ‘A Law of Population, deduced from the General Law of Animal Fertility’, Westminster Review, April 1852, 468–501 (498–9), had argued that population pressure stimulates agricultural progress and increases the industriousness and intelligence of a population.
- 1865 . Science, Politics, and Religion , 2 : 187 – 198 . (189).
- In two lead articles Darwin and His Teachings 1866 3 151 177 (151) and ‘Science, Politics, and Religion’ (note 107), 187–8. The Declaration, which men of science were asked to sign, asserted that science and scripture, properly understood, were not in conflict. See W. H. Brock and R. M. MacLeod, ‘The Scientists' Declaration: Reflexions on Science and Belief in the Wake of Essays and Reviews, 1864–65’, British Journal for the History of Science, 9 (1976), 39–66.
- 1864 . Introduction Vol. 1 , 22 – 22 . and ‘Anthropology’ 3 (1866), 43–7 (46).
- 1866 . Darwin and His Teachings , 3 : 151 – 177 . (157, 153).
- 1866 . Darwin and His Teachings , 3 : 166 – 166 . and 176.
- 1868 . Darwin and Pangenesis , 5 : 295 – 314 . (313) and R. H. [Robert Hunt], ‘The Scientific Year’, 6 (1869), 72–80 (79).
- D'Albe's . 1923 . Life of Crookes 69 – 69 . London
- The title page read ‘conducted by William Fairbairn, William Crookes, Robert Hunt, Henry Woodward and James Samuelson (ed)’. Crookes complained to Samuelson that the resolution that Samuelson have sole control was ‘a deliberate insult offered to myself’ by ‘you and your friends’. See D'Albe The Life of Sir William Crookes London 1923 187 187 For biographical information see: Dictionary of National Biography, vi, for Fairbairn (1789–1879); DNB, x, for Hunt (1807–87); Allibone (note 50) for Woodward (1832–1921) and Men and Women of the Time (note 60) for Woodward and Samuelson.
- See examples at notes Iron and Steel Popular Science Review 1862 61 79 and 112.
- D'Albe . 1923 . The Life of Sir William Crookes 187 – 187 . London
- English . 1990 . Victorian Values: The Life and Times of Dr. Edwin Lankester M.D., F.R.S. 142 – 142 . Bristol on Lankester; January and April 1867 for advertisements.
- 1867 . Astronomy Vol. 4 , 85 – 92 . (85).
- 1867 . “ Our Field Clubs ” . In Our Field Clubs: Their Aims, Objects, and Work Vol. 4 , 508 – 512 .
- 1969 . Macmillan and the Young Guard . Nature , 224 November : 435 – 435 . 1
- Lawson's role in the spontaneous generation debate is analysed by James Strick in his dissertation (note 6) and I am grateful to him for pre-publication copies of his work. Lawson's editorship in not well known; for example, he is not identified by Sheets-Pyenson. My source is a note in the English Mechanic when it took over Scientific Opinion 1870 (see note 73).
- 1870 . Our Past and Our Future . Scientific Opinion , 3 January : 1 – 1 . 5
- December 1868 . Scientific Sunday Evenings Vol. 1 , December , 153 – 153 . 30 ‘Government Aid for Physical Science’, 2 (18 August 1869), 221; ‘Science at the University of London’, 2 (4 August 1869), 181; ‘Amateur Meteorologists’, 2 (28 July 1869), 161; ‘The President Elect of the British Association’, 2 (25 August 1869), 241; ‘The Management of the British Association’, 2 (1 September 1869), 269; ‘The Scientific Labours of the Royal Botanical Society’, 2 (9 June 1869), 21; ‘The Society of Arts’, 2 (15 September 1869), 325.
- June 1869 . The Prevention of Coal Mine Disasters Vol. 2 , June , 16 41 and ‘The New Mines Inspection Bill’, 3 (23 February 1870), 185.
- October 1869 . The Provincial Scientific Societies Vol. 2 , October , 425 – 426 . 20
- This description of the anonymous Newcastle author of ‘The ‘latest news’ from the Stars’, can refer only to Barkas 1868 November 1 7 8 4 Thomas Pallister Barkas (1819–91) was he son of a builder and was himself a builder for 10 years. He wrote Outlines of Ten Years Investigations into the Phenomenon of Modern Spiritualism (1862) and A Manual of Coal Measure Palaeontology (1873). In 1870 he opened an Art Gallery and newsroom in Newcastle. (See Boase [note 27], IV.) The only other regular named contributor was F. B. Falkner about whom I have found nothing.
- One such competition was advertised in Hardwicke's Science Gossip 1867 3 106 106 Another, advertised through the Circuit Magazine, was referred to in Scientific Opinion, 1 (11 November 1868), 27–8.
- September 1870 . Dean Close On Science Vol. 2 , September , 365 – 365 . 29
- July 1869 . Commercial Practical Chemists Vol. 2 , July , 141 – 141 . 21
- Briggs , Asa . 1963 . Victorian Cities London Donald Read, The English Provinces, c. 1770–1960: A Study in Influence (London, 1964); Arnold Thackray, ‘Natural Knowledge in Cultural Context: The Manchester Model’, American Historical Review, 79 (1974), 672–709.
- The peak for formation of local natural history and field clubs was in the 1870s. By 1888 there were 55 corresponding societies of the British Association with 19000 members (and by 1900 500 societies with approximately 100000 members). See Lowe Philip The British Association and the Provincial Public The Parliament of Science MacLeod Roy Collins Peter London 1981 118 144 (132–3).
- November 1868 . Our Address Vol. 1 , November , 1 – 1 . 11
- November 1868 . Our Address Vol. 1 , November , 1 – 1 . 11
- Carpenter's close friendship with Huxley is clear in Desmond Adrian Huxley: The Devil's Disciple London 1994
- 1868 . Darwin and Pangenesis Vol. 2 , 294 – 314 . was the same length as G. Zaddach's ‘Amber: Its Origin and History, as Illustrated by the Geology of Samland’ 5 (1868), 167–86.
- 1868 . The British Association for the Advancement of Science . Quarterly Journal of Science , 5 : 501 – 546 . (501–17); Scientific Opinion, 3 (5 January 1870), 2–3.
- On pangenesis see note 43; for the advice to Darwin see note 111 Cooke M.C. Darwin on Fertilisation in Plants 1865 4 424 436 (424).
- See Introduction 1864 1 15 18
- 1982 . The Transformation of Intellectual Life in Victorian England London 114ff. Richard Yeo (note 47, 273–81) has argued that in discussions of scientific method the unity of science was often used in arguing that science trained the mind and hence contributed to a liberal education.
Annals of Science
Volume 55, 1998 - Issue 1