The epidemiology of schistosomiasis in the vicinity of Lake Sibaya, with a note on other areas of Tongaland (Natal, South Africa)

REFERENCES

• Allanson, B. R., Bruton, M. N. & Hart, R. C. (1974). The plants and animals of Lake Sibaya, South Africa, a checklist. Revue de Zoologie Africaine, 88, 507–532.
   Google Scholar
• Annual Medical And Sanitary Report for the year 1961. Department of Health, Swaziland.
   Google Scholar
• Appleton, C. C. (1976). Observations on the thermal regime of a stream in the eastern Transvaal, with reference to certain aquatic Pulmonata. South African Journal of Science, 72, 20–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleton, C. C. (1977a). The influence of temperature on the life cycle and distribution of Biomphalaria pfeifferi (Krauss, 1848) in south-eastern Africa. International Journal for Parasitology, 7, 335–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleton, C. C. (1977b). The fresh-water Mollusca of Tongaland, with a note on molluscan distribution in Lake Sibaya. Annals of the Natal Museum, 23, 129–144.
   Google Scholar
• Appleton, C. C. (1977c). The influence of above-optimal temperatures on South African Biomphalaria pfeijferi (Krauss) (Mollusca: Planorbidae). Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 71, 140–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azevedo, J. F. De, Medeiros, L. do C. M. de, Faro, M. M. da C., Xavier, M. de L., Gandara, A. F. & Morais, T. de (1961). Os moloscos de agua doce do ultramar Português III—Moloscos de Mozambique. Junta de Investigacoes do Ultramar, No. 88, Lisbon, 394 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Baalawy, S. S. (1971). Some observations on the role of Lake Victoria in the transmission of Schistosoma mansoni. East African Medical Journal, 48, 385–388.
   Google Scholar
• Boltt, R. E. & Allanson, B. R. (1975). The benthos of some southern African lakes. Part III: the benthic fauna of Lake Nhlange, KwaZulu, South Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 41, 241–262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broekhuysen, G. J. & Taylor, H. (1959). The ecology of South African estuaries. Part VIII. Kosi Bay estuary system. Annals of the South African Museum, 44, 279–296.
   Google Scholar
• Bruton, M. N. (1971). Experimental transmission of schistosomiasis at Lake Sibaya (Natal, South Africa). Unpublished report, 9 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Bruton, M. N. (1978). Recent mammal records from eastern Tongaland, KwaZulu, with notes on hippopotamus in Lake Sibaya. Lammergeyer, 24, 19–27.
   Google Scholar
• Bruton, M. N. The amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals of Lake Sibaya. (in prep.).
   Google Scholar
• Bruton, M. N. & Appleton, C. C. (1975). Survey of Mgobezeleni lake system in Zululand, with a note on the effect of a bridge on the mangrove swamp. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 41, 282–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Witt, W. B. (1965). Effects of temperature on penetration of mice by cercaria of Schistosoma mansoni. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 14, 579–580.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gear, J. H. & Pitchford, R.J. (1977). Bilharzia in South Africa. Department of Health, Pretoria, 36 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Hira, P. R. (1969). Transmission of schistosomiasis in Lake Kariba, Zambia. Nature, London, 224, 670–672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hira, P. R. (1972). Studies on schistosomiasis on the western shores of Lake Bangweulu, Zambia. East African Medical Journal, 49, 526–530.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Imevbore, A. M. A. (1975). The Kainji dam and health. In Man-made Lakes and Human Health, ed. Stanley, N. F. & Alpers, M. P., 209–219. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, J. H. (1965). Bilharziasis: an approach to the control of an endemic disease with particular reference to Natal and Zululand. South African Medical Journal, 39, 152–158.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones, C. R. (1973). Health component in the Volta Lake Research Project—report on project results, conclusions and recommendations, W.H.O. Unpublished Mimeographed Document, AFR/SCHIST/27.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan, P. (1975). Schistomiasis—epidemiology, clinical manifestations and control. In Man-made Lakes and Human Health, ed. Stanley, N. F. & Alpers, M. P., 35–50. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Junod, H. (1926, reprinted 1962). The Life of a South African Tribe. I. Social Life. II. Mental Life. New York: University Books.
   Google Scholar
• Kinoti, G. K. (1971a). The epidemiology of Schistosoma haematobium infection on the Kano Plain of Kenya. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 65, 637–645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinoti, G. K. (1971 4). Epidemiology of Schistosoma mansoni infection on the Kano Plain of Kenya. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 65, 646–649.
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone, D. (1857). Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa. London: Maclaren & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Macan, T. T. & Maudsley, R. (1966). The temperature of a moorland fishpond. Hydrobiologia, 27, 1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald, G. & Farooq, M. (1973). The public health and economic importance of schistosomiasis. In Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis), ed. Ansari, N., 337–353. Basel: S. Karger.
   Google Scholar
• Mandahl-Barth, G. (1958). Intermediate hosts of Schistosoma. African Biomphalaria and Bulinus. World Health Organization Monograph Series, 37, 1–132.
   Google Scholar
• Mcclelland, W. F. J. & Jordan, P. (1962). Schistosomiasis at Bukoba, Tanganyika, on Lake Victoria. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 56, 396–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morais, T. de (1957). The incidence and geographical distribution of human bilharziasis in Mozambique. Pan Indian Ocean Science Association, 3rd Congress, Section D: Human ecology. Unpublished report, 3 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Paperna, I. (1970). Study of an outbreak of schistosomiasis in the newly formed Volta Lake in Ghana. Zeitschrift für Tropenmedizin und Parasitologie, 21, 411–425.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pitchford, R. J. (1959). Cattle schistosomiasis in man in the eastern Transvaal. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 53, 285–290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pitchford, R. J. (1961a). Observations on a possible hybrid between the two schistosomes S. haematobium and S. mattheei. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 55, 44–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pitchford, R.J. (1961b). Report on the proposed irrigation scheme on the Makatini Flats. C.S.I.R. unpublished document.
   Google Scholar
• Pitchford, R.J. & Le Roux, P. L. (1955). Schistosomes from cattle in the eastern Transvaal and Portuguese East Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 49, 292.
   Google Scholar
• Pitchford, R. J. & Lewis, M. (1978). Oxamniquine in the treatment of various schistosome infections in South Africa. South African Medical Journal, 53, 677–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitchford, R. J., Meyling, A. H., Meyling, J., Visser, P. S. & Du Toit, J. F. (1969). Cercarial shedding patterns of various schistosome species under outdoor conditions in the Transvaal. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 63, 359–371.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pitchford, R.J. & Visser, P. S. (1962). Results of exposing mice to schistosomiasis by immersion in natural water. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 56, 294–301.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pitchford, R.J. & Visser, P. S. (1965). Some further observations on schistosome transmission in the Eastern Transvaal. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 32, 83–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitchford, R. J. & Visser, P. S. (1975a). Excretion of Schistosoma mattheei eggs from man, baboons and cattle living in their normal environment. Journal of Helminthology, 49, 137–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitchford, R.J. & Visser, P. S. (1975b). A simple and rapid technique for quantitative estimation of helminth eggs in human and animal excreta with special reference to Schistosoma sp. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 69, 318–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitchford, R. J., Visser, P. S., Du Toit, J. F., Pienaar, U. De V., & Young, E. (1973). Observations on the ecology of Schistosoma mattheei Veglia & le Roux, in 1929, in portion of the Kruger National Park and surrounding area using a new quantitative technique for egg output. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 44, 405–420.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pitman, W. V. & Hutchison, I. P. G. (1975). A preliminary hydrological survey of Lake Sibaya. Report No. 4/75, Hydrological Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 35 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Prentice, M. A., Panesar, T. S. & Coles, G. C. (1970). Transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in a large body of water. Annals of Tropical Mediane and Parasitology, 64, 339–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pretorius, S. J., Jennings, A. C., Coertze, D.J. R. & Van Eeden, J. A. (1975). Aspects of the freshwater Mollusca of the Pongola River floodplain pans. South African Journal of Science, 71, 208–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purnell, R. E. (1966a). Host-parasite relationships in schistosomiasis, I. The effect of temperature on the infection of Biomphalaria sudanica tanganyicensis with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia and of laboratory mice with Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 60, 90–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purnell, R. E. (1966b). Host-parasite relationships in schistosomiasis, 3. The effect of temperature on the survival of Schistosoma mansoni miracidia and on the survival and infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 60, 182–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze, B. R. (1947). The climates of South Africa according to the classifications of Köppen and Thornthwaite. South African Geographical Journal, 29, 32–42.
   Google Scholar
• Schulze, B. R. (1965). Climate in South Africa. Part 8. General Survey. Weather Bureau, Government Printer, Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Schutte, C. H. J. & Frank, G. H. (1964). Observations on the distribution of freshwater Mollusca and chemistry of the natural waters in the south-eastern Transvaal and adjacent northern Swaziland. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 30, 389–400.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shiff, C.J. & Garnett, B. (1967). The influence of temperature on the intrinsic rate of natural increase of the freshwater snail Biomphalaria pfeifferi (Krauss) (Pulmonata: Planorbidae). Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 62, 429–438.
   Google Scholar
• Shiff, C.J. & Husting, E. L. (1966). An application of the concept of intrinsic rate of natural increase to studies on the ecology of freshwater snails of the genera Biomphalaria and Bulinus (Physopsis) in southern Africa. Proceedings and Transactions of the Rhodesian Scientific Association, 51, 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Stirewalt, M. A. & Fregau, W. A. (1965). Effect of selected experimental conditions on penetration and maturation of Schistosoma mansoni in mice. I. Experimental Parasitology, 17, 168–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirewalt, M. A. & Fregau, W. A. (1968). Effect of selected experimental conditions on penetration and maturation of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni in mice: II. Experimental Parasitology, 22, 73–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinley, K. L. (1964). Fishing methods of the Thonga tribe in north-eastern Zululand and southern Mozambique. Lammergeyer, 3, 9–39.
   Google Scholar
• Waddy, B. B. (1975). Research into the problems of man-made lakes, with special reference to Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 69, 39–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar