The potential of rapid screening methods for Schistosoma mansoni in western Kenya

REFERENCES

• Anon. (1995). Identification of High Risk Communities for Schistosomiasis in Africa: a Multi-country Study. Social And Economic Research Project Reports No. 15. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Barreto, M. L. (1993). Use of risk factors obtained by questionnaires in the screening for Schistosoma mansoni infection. American Journal of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 48, 742–747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, M., Mayombana, C., Machibya, H., Masanja, H., Odermatt, P., Utzinger, J. & Kilima, P. (1998). The use of morbidity questionnaires to identify communities with high prevalences of schistosome or geohelminth infections in Tanzania. Tanzania. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 92, 484–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooker, S., Miguel, E. A., Moulin, S., Luoba, A. I., Bundy, D. A. P. & Kremer, M. (2000). Epidemiology of single and multiple species helminth infections among schoolchildren in Busia district, Kenya. East African Medical Journal, 77, 157–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, D. S., Jelnes, J. E., Kinoti, G. K. & Ouma, J. (1981). Distribution in Kenya of intermediate hosts for Schistosoma. Tropical and Geographical Medicine, 33, 95–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deichmann, U. (1996). African Population Database Documentation. Santa Barbara, CA: National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis.
   Google Scholar
• DeVlas, S. J. & Gryseels, B. (1992). Underestimation of Schistosoma mansoni prevalences. Parasitology Today, 8, 274–277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doumenge, J. P., Mott, K. E., Cheung, C., Villenave, D., Chapuis, O., Perrin, M. F. & Reaud-Thomas, G. (1987). Atlas of the Global Distribution of Schistosomiasis. Bordeaux: Université de Bordeaux.
   Google Scholar
• Engels, D., Sinzinkayo, E. & Gryseels, B. (1996). Day-to-day egg count fluctuation in Schistosoma mansoni infection and its operational implications. American Journal of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 54, 319–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenwick, A. (1972). Effect of a control programme on the transmission of Schistosoma mansoni on an irrigated estate in Tanzania. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 47, 325–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, R. (1967). Schistosomiasis on an irrigation estate in East Africa. 2. Epidemiology. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 71, 159–168.
   Google Scholar
• Gryseels, B. (1992). Morbidity due to infection with Schistosoma mansoni: an update. Tropical and Geographical Medicine, 44, 189–200.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hailu, M, Jemaneh, L. & Kebede, D. (1995). The use of questionnaires for the identification of communities at risk for intestinal schistosomiasis in western Gojam. Ethiopian Medical Journal, 33, 103–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kabatereine, N. B., Kazibwe, F. & Kemijumbi, J. (1996). Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Kampala, Uganda. East African Medical Journal, 73, 795–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lengeler, C., Makwala, J., Ngimbi, D. & Utzinger, J. (2000). Simple school questionnaires can map both Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Acta Tropica, 74, 77–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima e Costa, M. F. F., Rocha, R. S., Firmo, J. O. A., Guerra, H. L., Passos, V. A. & Katz, N. (1998). Questionnaires in the screening for Schistosoma mansoni: a study of socio-demographic and water contact variables in four communities in Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 40, 93–99.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lwambo, N. J. S., Siza, J. E., Brooker, S., Bundy, D. A. P. & Guyatt, H. (1999). Patterns of concurrent infection with hookworm and schistosomiasis in school children in Tanzania. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 93, 497–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough, F. S. (1972). The distribution of Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium in East Africa. Tropical and Geographical Medicine, 24, 199–207.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nelson, G. S. E. (1958). Schistosoma mansoni infection in the West-Nile district of Uganda. Part II. The distribution of S. mansoni with a note on the probable vectors. East African Medical Journal, 35, 335–344.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sturrock, R. F. (1965). The development of irrigation and its influence on the transmission of bilharziasis in Tanganyika. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 32, 225–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturrock, R. F., Kariuki, H. C., Thiongo, F. W., Gachare, J. W., Omondi, B. G. O., Ouma, J. H., Mbugua, G. & Butterworth, A. E. (1996). Schistosomiasis mansoni in Kenya: relationship between infection and anaemia in schoolchildren at the community level. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 90, 48–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utzinger, J., N'Goran, E. K. N., Ossey, Y. A., Booth, M., Traore, M., Lohourignon, K. L., Allangba, A., Ahiba, L. A., Tanner, M. & Lengeler, C. (2000a). Rapid screening for Schistosoma mansoni in western Côte d'Ivoire using a simple school questionnaire. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78, 389–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utzinger, J., N'Goran, E. K., Tanner, M. & Lengeler, C. (2000b). Simple anamnestic questions and recalled water-contact patterns for self-diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni infection among schoolchildren in western Côte d'Ivoire. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 62, 649–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (1995). Health of School Age Children. Treatment of Intestinal Helminths and Schistosomiasis. Document WHO/SCHISTO/95.112-WHO/CDS/95.1. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (1999). Report on the WHO Informal Consultation on Schistosomiasis Control. Geneva, 2–4 December 1999. Document WHO/CDS/CPC/SIP/99.2. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, H., Ross, A. G. P., Hartel, G. F., Sleigh, A. C., Williams, G. M., McManus, D. P., Luo, X. S., He, Y. & Li, Y. S. (1998). Diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica in Chinese schoolchildren by administration of a questionnaire. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 92, 245–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar