Determinants of violent and property crimes in England and Wales: a panel data analysis

References

• Arellano, M. and Bond, S. (1991) Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations, Review of Economic Studies, Blackwell Publishing, 58, 277–97.
   Google Scholar
• Arellano, M. and Bover, O. (1995) Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models, Journal of Econometrics, 68, 29–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baltagi, B. H. (2008) Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 4th edn, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, G. S. (1968) Crime and punishment: an economic approach, The Journal of Political Economy, 76, 169–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor, D. and Land, K. C. (1985) Unemployment and crime rates in the post-world war II United States: a theoretical and empirical analysis, American Sociological Review, 50, 317–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmichael, F. and Ward, R. (2000) Youth unemployment and crime in the English regions and Wales, Applied Economics, 32, 559–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmichael, F. and Ward, R. (2001) Male unemployment and crime in England and Wales, Economics Letters, 73, 111–5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiricos. T. (1987) Rates of crime and unemployment: an analysis of aggregate research evidence, Social Problems, 34, 187–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choe, J. (2008) Income inequality and crime in the United States, Economics Letters, 101, 31–3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, L. E. and Land, K. C (1987) Age structure and crime: symmetry versus asymmetry and the projection of crime rates through the 1990s, American Sociological Review, 52, 170–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhiri, S., Brand, S., Harries, R. et al. (1999) Modelling and predicting property crime trends in England and Wales. Home Office Research Study, 198. Home Office, London.
   Google Scholar
• Doyle, J. M., Ahmed, E. H. and Robert, N. (1999) The effects of labor markets and income inequality on crime: evidence from panel data, Southern Economic Journal, 65, 717–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmark, K. (2005) Unemployment and crime: is there a connection?, The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 107, 353–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrlich, I. (1973) Participation in illegitimate activities: a theoretical and empirical investigation, The Journal of Political Economy, 81, 521–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fajnzylbera, P., Lederman, D. and Loayzab, N. (2002) What causes violent crime?, European Economic Review, 6, 1323–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, E. D., Weinberg, B. A. and Mustard, D. B. (2002) Crime rates and local labor market opportunities in the United States: 1979–1997, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 84, 45–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, C. (1998) Crime and the business cycle in post-war Britain revisited, British Journal of Criminology, 38, 681–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, C. and Sabbagh, D. (1991) Testing the relationship between unemployment and crime: a methodological comment and empirical analysis using time series data from England and Wales, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 28, 400–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, M. (2000) Inequality and crime, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 82, 530–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt, S. D. (1998) Juvenile crime and punishment, Journal of Political Economy, 106, 1156–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt, S. D. (1999) The limited role of changing age structure in explaining aggregate crime rates, Criminology, 37, 581–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt, S. D. (2001) Alternative strategies for identifying the link between unemployment and crime, Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 17, 377–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machin, S. and Meghir, C. (2004) Crime and economic incentives, Journal of Human Resources, 39, 958–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magistrates Association. (2010) Short Custodial Sentences – Policy, Sentencing Policy and Practice Committee, Magistrates Association, May 2010. Available at http://www.magistrates-association.org.uk/dox/consultations/1274599934_short_custodial_sentences_policy_11_may_2010.pdf?PHPSESSID=4h6pu9j63gdmmiqnjnm8rg4361 (accessed 3 June 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Pyle, D. J. and Deadman, D. F. (1994a) Crime and the business cycle in post-war Britain, British Journal of Criminology, 34, 339–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyle, D. J. and Deadman, D. F. (1994b) Crime and unemployment in Scotland: some results, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 41, 314–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyle, D. J. and Deadman, D. F. (1997) Forecasting recorded property crime using a time-series econometric model, British Journal of Criminology, 37, 437–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly, B. and Witt, R. (1992) Crime and unemployment in Scotland: an econometric analysis using regional data, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 39, 213–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roodman, D. (2009) A note on the theme of too many instruments, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 71, 135–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saridakis, G. (2011) Violent crime and incentives in the long-run: evidence from England and Wales, Journal of Applied Statistics, 38, 647–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saridakis, G. and Spengler, H. (2009) Crime, deterrence and unemployment in Greece: a panel data approach, Discussion Paper No. 853, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Scorzafave, L. G. and Soares, M. K. (2009) Income inequality and pecuniary crimes, Economics Letters, 104, 40–2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staiger, D., and Stock, J., J. (1997) Instrumental variables regression with weak instruments, Econometrica, 65, 557–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witt, R., Clarke, A. and Fielding, N. (1998) Crime, earnings inequality and unemployment in England and Wales, Applied Economics Letters, 5, 265–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witt, R., Clarke, A. and Fielding, N. (1999) Crime and Economic activity: a panel data approach, The British Journal of Criminology, 39, 391–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar