Thermal environmental effects of vertical greening and building layout in open residential neighbourhood design: a case study in Shanghai

References

• Ali-Toudert, F., and H. Mayer. 2006. “Numerical Study on the Effects of Aspect Ratio and Orientation of an Urban Street Canyon on Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Hot and Dry Climate.” Building and Environment 41 (2): 94–108.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asfour, O. S. 2010. “Prediction of Wind Environment in Different Grouping Patterns of Housing Blocks.” Energy and Buildings 42 (11): 2061–2069.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Britta, J., M. Fred, H. Marie-Therese, et al. 2015. “Evaluating the Effects of Facade Greening on Human Bioclimate in a Complex Urban Environment.” Advances in Meteorology 2015: 1–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruse, M., and H. Fleer. 1998. “Simulating Surface–Plant–Air Interactions Inside Urban Environments with a Three Dimensional Numerical Model.” Environmental Modelling and Software 13 (3–4): 373–384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Q., B. Li, and X. Liu. 2013. “An Experimental Evaluation of the Living Wall System in Hot and Humid Climate.” Energy and Buildings 61: 298–307.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daemei, A. B., M. Azmoodeh, Z. Zamani, et al. 2018. “Experimental and Simulation Studies on the Thermal Behavior of Vertical Greenery System for Temperature Mitigation in Urban Spaces.” Journal of Building Engineering 20: 277–284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dou, Y. 2004. “Returning to the City – Thinking About the Spatial Form of Residential Areas.” Architectural Journal 4: 8–10.
   Google Scholar
• Eumorfopoulou, E. A., and K. J. Kontoleon. 2009. “Experimental Approach to the Contribution of Plant-covered Walls to the Thermal Behaviour of Building Envelopes.” Building and Environment 44 (5): 1024–1038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Givoni, B. 1998. Climate Considerations in Building and Urban Design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, S. T., and F. Yang. 2019. “Climate Responsive Design of Open Residential Neighborhoods in a Southern Chinese City.” Building Energy Efficiency 47 (6): 102–105.
   Google Scholar
• Haggag, M., A. Hassan, and S. Elmasry. 2014. “Experimental Study on Reduced Heat Gain Through Green Façades in a High Heat Load Climate.” Energy and Buildings 82: 668–674.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, B. J., L. Ding, and D. K. Prasad. 2019. “Wind-sensitive Urban Planning and Design: Precinct Ventilation Performance and Its Potential for Local Warming Mitigation in an Open Midrise Gridiron Precinct.” Journal of Building Engineering 29: 101145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, B. J., L. Ding, and D. K. Prasad. 2020a. “Relationships among Local-scale Urban Morphology, Urban Ventilation, Urban Heat Island and Outdoor Thermal Comfort Under Sea Breeze Influence.” Sustainable Cities and Society 60: 102289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, B. J., L. Ding, and D. K. Prasad. 2020b. “Urban Ventilation and its Potential for Local Warming Mitigation: A Field Experiment in an Open Low-rise Gridiron Precinct.” Sustainable Cities and Society 55: 102028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, Y., H. Yu, A. Ozaki, et al. 2017. “Influence of Plant and Soil Layer on Energy Balance and Thermal Performance of Green Roof System.” Energy 141: 1285–1299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, B., and B. Lin. 2015. “Numerical Studies of the Outdoor Wind Environment and Thermal Comfort at Pedestrian Level in Housing Blocks with Different Building Layout Patterns and Trees Arrangement.” Renewable Energy 73: 18–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höppe, P. 1999. “The Physiological Equivalent Temperature – A Universal Index for the Biometeorological Assessment of the Thermal Environment.” International Journal of Biometeorology 43 (2): 71–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höppe, P. 2002. “Different Aspects of Assessing Indoor and Outdoor Thermal Comfort.” Energy and Buildings 34 (6): 661–665.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huttner, S.. 2012. Further Development and Application of the 3D Microclimate Simulation ENVI-met. Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz.
   Google Scholar
• Jim, C. Y., and H. He. 2011. “Estimating Heat Flux Transmission of Vertical Greenery Ecosystem.” Ecological Engineering 37 (8): 1112–1122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin, C., X. Bai, T. Luo, et al. 2018. “Effects of Green Roofs’ Variations on the Regional Thermal Environment Using Measurements and Simulations in Chongqing, China.” Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 29: 223–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knaus, M., and D. Haase. 2020. “Green Roof Effects on Daytime Heat in a Prefabricated Residential Neighbourhood in Berlin, Germany.” Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 53: 126738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama, T., M. Yoshinaga, H. Hayashi, et al. 2013. “Identification of key Plant Traits Contributing to the Cooling Effects of Green Façades Using Freestanding Walls.” Building and Environment 66: 96–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, T. P., A. Matzarakis, and R. L. Hwang. 2010. “Shading Effect on Long-term Outdoor Thermal Comfort.” Building and Environment 45 (1): 213–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matzarakis, A., F. Rutz, and H. Mayer. 2007. “Modelling Radiation Fluxes in Simple and Complex Environments – Application of the RayMan Model.” International Journal of Biometeorology 51 (4): 323–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middel, A., N. Chhetri, and R. Quay. 2015. “Urban Forestry and Cool Roofs: Assessment of Heat Mitigation Strategies in Phoenix Residential Neighborhoods.” Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 14 (1): 178–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middel, A., K. Häb, A. J. Brazel, et al. 2014. “Impact of Urban Form and Design on Mid-afternoon Microclimate in Phoenix Local Climate Zones.” Landscape and Urban Planning 122: 16–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morakinyo, T. E., K. K. C. Dahanayake, E. Ng, et al. 2017a. “Temperature and Cooling Demand Reduction by Green-roof Types in Different Climates and Urban Densities: A Co-simulation Parametric Study.” Energy and Buildings 145: 226–237.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morakinyo, T. E., L. Kong, K. K. L. Lau, et al. 2017b. “A Study on the Impact of Shadow-cast and Tree Species on In-canyon and Neighborhood’s Thermal Comfort.” Building and Environment 115: 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morakinyo, T. E., A. Lai, K. K. L. Lau, et al. 2019. “Thermal Benefits of Vertical Greening in a High-density City: Case Study of Hong Kong.” Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 37: 42–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oke, T. R. 2002. Boundary Layer Climates. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pan, L., S. Wei, and L. M. Chu. 2018. “Orientation Effect on Thermal and Energy Performance of Vertical Greenery Systems.” Energy and Buildings 175: 102–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng, Y. G. 1998. Architectural Space Combination Theory. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
   Google Scholar
• Peng, L. H., Z. D. Jiang, X. S. Yang, et al. 2020. “Energy Savings of Block-scale Facade Greening for Different Urban Forms.” Applied Energy 279: 115884.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez, G., J. Coma, S. Sol, et al. 2017. “Green Facade for Energy Savings in Buildings: The Influence of Leaf Area Index and Facade Orientation on the Shadow Effect.” Applied Energy 187: 424–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez, L. L., J. Ortiz, and C. Pout. 2008. “A Review on Buildings Energy Consumption Information.” Energy and Buildings 40 (3): 394–398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perini, K., and A. Magliocco. 2014. “Effects of Vegetation, Urban Density, Building Height, and Atmospheric Conditions on Local Temperatures and Thermal Comfort.” Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 13 (3): 495–506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi, J. D., L. Ding, and S. Lim. 2020. “Planning for Cooler Cities: A Framework to Support the Selection of Urban Heat Mitigation Techniques.” Journal of Cleaner Production 275: 122903.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Razzaghmanesh, M., S. Beecham, and T. Salemi. 2016. “The Role of Green Roofs in Mitigating Urban Heat Island Effects in the Metropolitan Area of Adelaide, South Australia.” Urban Forestry and Urban Greening 15: 89–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanghai, China Weather History [EB/OL]. 2020. https://www.wunderground.com/history/daily/cn/shanghai/ZSPD.
   Google Scholar
• Shimazaki, Y., A. Yoshida, and R. Suzuki. 2011. “Application of Human Thermal Load Into Unsteady Condition for Improvement of Outdoor Thermal Comfort.” Building and Environment 46 (8): 1716–1724.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taleghani, M., L. Kleerekoper, M. Tenpierik, et al. 2015. “Outdoor Thermal Comfort Within Five Different Urban Forms in the Netherlands.” Building and Environment 83: 65–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan, C. L., N. H. Wong, and S. K. Jusuf. 2014. “Effects of Vertical Greenery on Mean Radiant Temperature in the Tropical Urban Environment.” Landscape and Urban Planning 127: 52–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsoka, S., A. Tsikaloudaki, and T. Theodosiou. 2018. “Analyzing the ENVI-met Microclimate Model’s Performance and Assessing Cool Materials and Urban Vegetation Applications – A Review.” Sustainable Cities and Society 43: 55–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vahmani, P., F. Sun, A. Hall, et al. 2016. “Investigating the Climate Impacts of Urbanization and the Potential for Cool Roofs to Counter Future Climate Change in Southern California.” Environmental Research Letters 11 (12): 124027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., Z. Y. Peng, and Q. Chen. 2018. “The Choice of Residential Layout in Urban China: A Comparison of Transportation and Land use in Changsha (China) and Leeds (uk).” Habitat International 75: 50–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilmers, F. 1990. “Effects of Vegetation on Urban Climate and Buildings.” Energy and Buildings 15 (3–4): 507–514.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, N. H., A. Y. K.  Tan, and Y. Chen. 2010. “Thermal Evaluation of Vertical Greenery Systems for Building Walls.” Building and Environment 45 (3): 663–672.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, B. J. 2016. “Discussion on Opening up Gated Communities.” City Planning Review 40 (12): 113–117.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, F., S. S. Y. Lau, and F. Qian. 2010. “Summertime Heat Island Intensities in Three High-rise Housing Quarters in Inner-city Shanghai China: Building Layout, Density and Greenery.” Building and Environment 45 (1): 115–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, H., F. Kong, A. Middel, et al. 2017. “Cooling Effect of Direct Green Façades During hot Summer Days: An Observational Study in Nanjing, China Using TIR and 3DPC Data.” Building and Environment 116: 195–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, G., B. J. He, and B. J. Dewancker. 2020. “The Maintenance of Prefabricated Green Roofs for Preserving Cooling Performance: A Field Measurement in the Subtropical City of Hangzhou, China.” Sustainable Cities and Society 61: 102314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar