Monitoring of Low Level Arsenic Exposure During Maintenance of Ion Implanters

References

• Unger , L. J. and Jones , J. H. 1986 . Industrial hygiene and control technology assessment of ion implantation operations. . Am Ind Hyg Assoc J , 47 ( 10 ) : 607 – 14 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harrison , M. 1992 . “ Semiconductor manufacturing hazards ” . In Hazardous Materials Toxicology, Clinical Principles of Environmental Health , Edited by: Sullivan , J. B. Jr and Krieger , G. R. 472 – 504 . Baltimore, MD : Williams and Wilkins .
   Google Scholar
• Peyster , A. and Silvers , J. A. 1995 . Arsenic levels in hair of workers in a semiconductor fabrication facility. . Am Ind Hyg Assoc J , 56 : 377 – 86 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1982 . “ Arsenic ” . In Intermedia Priority Pollutant Guidance Documents , Washington, DC : EPA . Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances
   Google Scholar
• Buchet , J. P. , Lauwerys , R. and Roels , H. 1981 . Urinary excretion of inorganic arsenic and its metabolites after repeated ingestion of sodium metaarsenite by volunteers. . Int Arch Occup Environ Health , 48 : 111 – 18 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , L. R. and Farmer , J. G. 1991 . Use of human metabolic studies and urinary arsenic speciation in assessing arsenic exposure. . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 46 : 53 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto , S. S. , Varner , M. O. Nelson , K. W. 1976 . Arsenic trioxide absorption and excretion in industry. . J Occup Med , 18 : 677 – 80 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vahter , M. , Friberg , L. Rahnster , B. 1986 . Airborne arsenic and urinary excretion of metabolites of inorganic arsenic among smelter workers. . Int Arch Occup Environ Health , 57 : 79 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vahter , M. and Marafante , E. 1988 . In vivo methylation and detoxification of arsenic. . Royal Soc Chem , 66 : 105 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Enterline , P. E. , Marsh , G. M. Esmen , N. A. 1987 . Some effects of cigarette smoking, arsenic, and SO2 on mortality among U.S. copper smelter workers. . J Occup Med , 29 ( 10 ) : 831 – 38 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith , A. H. , Hopenhayn‐Rich , C. Bates , M. N. 1992 . Cancer risks from arsenic in drinking water. . Environ Health Perspect , 97 : 259 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roat , J. W. , Wald , A. Mendelow , H. 1982 . Hepatic angiosarcoma associated with short‐term arsenic ingestion. . Am J Med , 73 : 933 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaldivar , R. , Prumes , L. and Ghai , G. L. 1981 . Arsenic dose in patients with cutaneous carcinomata and hepatic haemangio‐endothelioma after environmental and occupational exposure. . Arch Toxicol , 47 : 145 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , C. J. , Kuo , T. L. and Wu , M. M. 1998 . Arsenic and cancers. . Lancet , i : 414 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Wu , M. M. , Kuo , T. L. Hwang , Y. H. 1989 . Dose‐response relationship between arsenic concentration in well water and mortality from cancers and vascular disease. . Am J Epidemiol , 130 : 1123 – 32 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 1993 . Toxicological Profile for Arsenic , US DHHS PHS Washington, DC : ATSDR . contract no. 205–88–0608
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 1994 . Manual of Analytical Methods: Method No. 6001—Arsine , 4th ed. , Cincinnati, OH : NIOSH .
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 1994 . Manual of Analytical Methods: Method No. 6001—Arsine , 4th ed. , Cincinnati, OH : NIOSH .
   Google Scholar
• Henry , R. J. 1965 . Clinical Chemistry: Principles and Technique , 3rd ed. , New York : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• American conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 1995 . Threshold limit values (TLVs) for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices (BEIs), 1995–1996 , Cincinnati, OH : ACGIH .
   Google Scholar
• Norin , H. and Vahter , M. 1981 . A rapid method for the selective analysis of total urinary metabolites of inorganic arsenic. . Scand J Work Environ Health , 7 : 38 – 44 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen , S. C. 1998 . Workers' Exposure to Arsenic in the Maintenance of Ion Implanters in Semiconductor Fabrication Facilities , Master's Thesis Taipei, , Taiwan : National Taiwan University . (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• SAS. 1998 . SAS/STAT User's Guide , Cary, NC : SAS Institute . ver 6.12
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 1990 . Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards , Cincinnati, OH : NIOSH .
   Google Scholar
• Crecelieus , E. A. 1977 . Changes in the chemical speciation of arsenic following ingestion by man. . Environ Health Perspect , 19 : 147 – 50 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tarn , G. K. H. , Charbonneau , S. M. Bryce , F. 1979 . Metabolism of inorganic arsenic (74As) in humans following oral ingestion. . Toxicol Appl Pharmacol , 50 : 319 – 22 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guyton , A. C. 1997 . Human Physiology and Mechanisms of Disease , 5th ed. , Philadelphia, PA : Saunders .
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1987 . Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans , 100 – 06 . Lyon, , France : IARC . (suppl 7)
   Google Scholar