Lack of Sensitivity of Urinary Trans, Trans, -Muconic Acid in Determining Low-Level (ppb) Benzene Exposure in Children

References

• Andrews , L. S. and Snyder , R. 1986 . “ Toxic effects of solvents and vapors ” . In Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poison , 3rd ed , Edited by: Klaassen , C D , Amdur , M O and Doull , J . 640 – 68 . New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Delore , P. and Borgolamo , C. 1928 . Leucémie aiguë au cours de l'intoxication benzénique. Sur l'origine toxique de certaines leucémies aigüe et leurs relations avec les anémies graves. (Acute leukemia during benzene intoxication. On the toxic origin of certain acute leukemias and their relationships to serious anemias.) . J Med Lyon (in French) , 9 : 227
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) . 1982 . Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans. Some Industrial Chemicals and Dyestuffs , vol 29 , Lyon, , France : IARC . and Geneva, Switzerland; World Health Organization
   Google Scholar
• American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) . 1999 . Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices , Cincinnati, OH : ACGIH .
   Google Scholar
• Wallace , L. 1996 . Environmental exposure to benzene: an update. . Environ Health Perspect , 104 : 1129 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , E. S. and Lucier , G. 1992 . Perspectives on risk assessment: impact of recent reports on benzene. . Am J Ind Med , 21 : 749 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver , V. M. , Davoli , C. T. Heller , P. J. 1996 . Benzene exposure, assessed by urinary trans, trans‐muconic acid, in urban children with elevated blood lead levels. . Environ Health Perspect , 104 ( 3 ) : 318 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordlinder , R. and Jarvholm , B. 1997 . Environmental exposure to gasoline and leukemia in children and young adults: an ecology study. . Int Arch Occup Environ Health , 70 ( 1 ) : 57 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landrigan , P. J. 1998 . Environmental hazards for children in the USA. . Int J Occup Med Environ Health Perspect , 11 ( 2 ) : 189 – 94 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallace , L. , Pellizzari , E. Hartwell , T. D. 1987 . Exposure to benzene and other volatile compounds from active and passive smoking. . Arch Environ Health , 42 : 272 – 79 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imbriani , M. , Fiorentino , M. L. Maestri , L. 1996 . Indoor pollution e Monitoraggio Biologico di Composti Organici Volatili. . (Indoor pollution and biological monitoring of volatile organic compounds.) G Ital Med Lav (in Italian) , 18 : 151 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Sittert , N. J. , Boogaard , P. J. and Beulink , G. D. J. 1993 . Application of the urinary S‐phenylmercapturic acid test as a biomarker for low level exposure to benzene in industry. . Br J Ind Med , 50 : 460 – 69 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weisel , C. , Yu , R. Roy , A. 1996 . Biomarkers of environmental benzene exposure. . Environ Health Perspect , 104 : 1141 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue , O. , Seiji , K. Kasahara , M. 1986 . Quantitative relations of urinary phenol level to breath zone benzene concentration. . Br J Ind Med , 43 : 692 – 97 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roush , G. J. and Ott , M. G. 1985 . A study of benzene exposure versus urinary phenol levels. . Am J Ind Hyg Assoc , 7 : 385 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Ducos , P. , Gaudin , R. Bel , J. 1992 . Trans, trans‐muconic acid: a reliable biological indicator for the detection of individual benzene exposure down to the ppm level . Int Arch Occup Environ Health , 64 : 309 – 13 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maestri , L. , Ghittori , S. Fiorentino , M. L. 1995 . II dosaggio dell'acido trans, trans‐muconico urinario a basse concentrazioni. (Determination of low levels of urinarytt‐muconic acid.) . Med Lav , 86 ( 1 ) : 40 – 49 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maestri , L. , Ghittori , S. Grignani , E. 1993 . Dosaggio di un metabolita del benzene‐L'acido S‐fenilmercapturico urinario (s‐PMA), nell'uomo, mediante HPLC. (The measurement of a benzene metabolite, urinary s‐phenylmercaptic acid (s‐PMA), in man by HPLC.) . Med Lav (in Italian) , 84 ( 1 ) : 55 – 65 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inoue , O. , Seiji , K. and Nakatsuka , H. 1989 . Urinary t,t‐muconic acid as indicator of exposure to benzene. . Br J Ind Med , 46 : 122 – 27 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ducos , P. , Gaudin , R. Robert , A. 1990 . Improvement in HPLC analysis of urinary trans, trans‐muconic acid, a promising substitute for phenol in the assessment of benzene exposure . Int Arch Occup Environ Health , 62 : 529 – 34 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boogaard , P. J. and Van Sittert , N. J. 1995 . Biological monitoring of exposure to benzene: a comparison between s‐phenylmercapturic acid, trans, trans‐muconic acid, and phenol. . Occup Environ Med , 52 : 611 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruppert , T. , Scherer , G. Tricker , A. R. 1997 . Trans, trans‐muconic acid as a biomarker of nonoccupational environmental exposure to benzene . Int Arch Occup Environ Health , 69 ( 4 ) : 247 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer , G. , Meger‐Kossien , I. Riedel , K. 1999 . Assessment of the exposure of children to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) by different methods. . Human Exp Toxicol , 18 ( 4 ) : 297 – 301 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue , O. , Seiji , K. Watanabe , T. 1988 . Mutual metabolic suppression between benzene and toluene. . Occup Environ Health , 60 : 15 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartczak , A. , Kline , S. A. Yu , R. 1994 . Evaluation of assay for the identification and quantitation of muconic acid, a metabolite in human urine. . J Toxicol Environ Health , 42 ( 3 ) : 245 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldan , A. , Ballesta , P. P. Cancelinha , J. 2000 . Validation of the ‘Radiello’ diffusive sampler , Italy : European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Environmental Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Cocheo , V. , Sacco , P. Boaretto , C. 2000 . Urban benzene and population exposure. . Nature , 404 : 141 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar