Cigarettes as a Source of Some Trace and Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Man

References

• Lee , P. N. , ed. 1975 . Tobacco Consumption in Various Countries , 4th ed. , London, , England : Tobacco Research Council . Research Paper No. 6.
   Google Scholar
• Infante , P. F. , Epstein , S. S. and Newton , W. A. Jr. 1978 . Blood dyscrasias and childhood tumors and exposure to chlordane and heptachlor . Scand J Work Environ Health , 4 : 137 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Report of an IARC Working Group. 1980 . An evaluation of chemicals and industrial processes associated with cancer in human based on human and animal data (IARC monographs, vol. 1 to 20) . Cancer Res , 40 : 1 – 12 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditraglia , D. , Brown , P. D. , Namekata , T. and Iverson , N. 1981 . Mortality study of workers employed at organochlorine pesticide manufacturing plants . Scand J Work Environ Health , 7 ( suppl. 4 ) : 140 – 46 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , H. H. and MacMahon , B. 1979 . Mortality of pesticide applications . J Occup Med , 21 : 741 – 44 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Commission of the European Communities. 1976 . Information on Agriculture. Pesticide Residues in Tobacco and Tobacco Products General report No. 14 (July).
   Google Scholar
• Dorough , H. W. and Gibson , J. R. 1972 . Chlorinated insecticide residues in cigarettes purchased 1970–72 . Environ Entomol , 1 : 739 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerli , B. and Marek , B. 1973 . Die Belastung der schweizerischen Bevölkerung mit Pestiziden . Mitteilungen aus dem Gebiete der Lebensmitteluntersuchung und Hygiene , 64 ( 4 ) : 459 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Frank , R. , Braun , H. E. , Holdrinet , M. and Stonefield , K. I. 1977 . Metal contents and insecticide residues in tobacco soils and cured tobacco leaves collected in southern Ontario . Tob Sci , 21 : 74 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Eichner , M. 1978 . Schnelle Pesticid-Rückstandskontrolle bei pflanzlichen und tierlichen Lebensmitteln, sowie Tabak und Tabakerzeugnissen durch Sweep-co-analyse. 1. Mitteilung . Z. Lebensm Unters Forsch , 167 : 245 – 49 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tso , T. C. 1966 . Micro- and secondry-elements in tobacco . Bot Bull Acad Sinica , 7 : 28 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Nadkarni , R. A. 1974 . Some considerations of metal content of tobacco products . Chemistry and Industry , 7 ( 17 ) : 693 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Franzke , Cl. , Ruick , G. and Schmidt , M. 1977 . Untersuchungen zum Schwermetallgehalt von Tabakwaren und Tabakrauch . Die Nahrung , 21 ( 5 ) : 417 – 28 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dermelj , M. , Ravnik , V. , Byrne , A. R. and Vakselj , A. 1978 . Trace heavy metals in various Yogoslav tobaccos . Microchim Acta , 1 : 261 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Müller , G. 1979 . Schwermetallgehalte (Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr) im Tabak häufig in der BR Deutschland gerauchter Zigaretten . Chemiker-Zeitung , 103 ( 4 ) : 133 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Faanhof , A. and Das , H. A. 1977 . Instrumental thermal neutron activation analysis of tobacco . J Radioanal Chem , 56 ( 1–2 ) : 131 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mussalo-Rauhamaa , H. and Jaakkola , T. 1984 . 239, 240Pu and 210Po contents of tobacco and cigarette smoke . Health Phys , in press
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mussalo-Rauhamaa , H. , Pyysalo , H. and Moilanen , R. 1984 . Influence of diet and other factors on the levels of organochlorine compounds in human adipose tissue in Finland . J Environ Health Toxicol , 13 : 689 – 704 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , G. P. , Jusko , W. J. , Coughlin , L. L. and Hartz , S. 1972 . Contribution of cigarette smoking to cadmium accumulation in man . Lancet , 5 : 291 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Shuman , M. S. , Voors , A. W. and Gallagher , P. N. 1974 . Contribution of cigarette smoking to cadmium accumulation in man . Bull Environ Contam Toxicol , 12 ( 5 ) : 570 – 76 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coresta Standard method 10. 1969 . Machine smoking of cigarettes and determination of crude and dry smoke condensate . CORESTA Information Bulletin , : 10
   Google Scholar
• Nesemann , E. , Schröder , R. and Seehofer , F. 1968 . Methoden zur quantitativen Bestimmung von Insektixiden in Tabak und Tabakrauch . Beitr Tabakforsch , 4 ( 4 ) : 182 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Mestres , R. , Tourte , J. and Campo , M. 1971 . Dosages des residues de benomyl dans les fruits et les legumes . Soc Pharm Montpellier Trav , 31 : 49 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Keppel , G. 1971 . Collaborative study of the determination of dithiocarbamate residues by a modified carbon bisulfide evolution method . J Assoc Offic Anal Chem , 54 : 528 – 32 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linnman . Exposure to cadmium from cigarette smoking and its variation in Sweden during the last 50 years unpublished results
   Google Scholar
• Guthrie , F. E. 1968 . The nature and significance of pesticide residues on tobacco and in tobacco smoke . Beitr Tabakforsch , 4 : 229 – 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Leppänen , A. and Liukkonen-Lilja , H. 1982 . Analysis of tobacco smoke. Summary of studies during 1977–1980 , 46 Technical Research Centre of Finland . Research Report No. 86
   Google Scholar
• Kjellström , T. 1979 . Exposure and accumulation of cadmium in population from Japan, the United States, and Sweden . Environ Health Perspect , 28 : 169 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menden , E. E. , Elia , V. J. , Michael , L. W. and Petering , H. G. 1972 . Distribution of cadmium and nickel of tobacco during cigarette smoking . Environ Sci Technol , 6 : 830 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cogbill , E. C. and Hobbs , M. E. 1957 . Transfer of metallic constituents of cigarettes to the main-stream smoke . Tob Sci , 1 : 68 – 73 .
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , R. W. , Newman , R. H. , Ikeda , R. M. and Carpenter , R. D. 1971 . The determination by neutron activation analysis of selected elements in cigarettes . Anal Letters , 4 ( 7 ) : 451 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domanski , J. J. , Haire , P. L. and Sheets , T. J. 1974 . Insecticide residues on 1973 U. S. tobacco products . Tob Sci , 18 : 108 – 09 .
   Google Scholar
• Mestres , R. , Illes , S. , Tourte , J. and Campo , M. 1980 . Ethylenethiourea in tobacco smoke containing ethylene bis dithiocarbamates . Soc Pharmacol Montpellier Trav , 40 : 9 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Autio , K. 1983 . Determination of ethylenethiourea (ETU) as a volatile N. N'-dimethyl derivate by GLC-MS and GLC-NPSD. Applications for determining ETU in berries and cigarette smoke condensate . Finn Chem Let , 1–2 : 10 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Guthrie , F. E. and Bowery , T. G. 1967 . Pesticide residues on tobacco . Residue Rev , 19 : 31 – 56 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoffmann , D. and Rathkamp , G. 1968 . Chemical studies on tobacco smoke V . Beitr Tabakforsch , 4 : 201 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Carugno , N. 1961 . Search and determination products of zinc ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) in tobacco smoke . Tobacco , 65 : 238 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Morgan , W. D. 1979 . New ways of measuring cadmum in man . Nature , 282 : 673 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koivistoinen , P. 1980 . Mineral element composition of Finnish food . Acta Agric Scand ,
   Google Scholar
• Roels , H. A. , Lauwerys , R. R. , Buchet , J.-P. and Bernard , A. 1981 . Environmental exposure to cadmium and renal function of aged women in three areas of Belgium . Environ Res , 24 : 117 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , N. and Hill . 1975 . Cigarette smoking, tar content and death-rates from lung cancer in Australian men . Lancet , I : 1252 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Codex Alimentarius Commission. 1978 . Guide to Codex Maximum Limits for Pesticide Residues , 87 Rome, , Italy : FAO/WHO . 1st issue
   Google Scholar
• Bowery , T. G. , Gatterdam , P. E. , Guthrie , F. E. and Rabb , R. L. 1965 . Fate of inhaled C14-TDE in rabbits . J Agr Food Chem , 13 : 356 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vuori , E. , Tyllinen , H. , Kuitunen , P. and Paganus , A. 1977 . The occurrence and origin of DDT in human milk . Acta Paediatr Scand , 55 : 761 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheets , T. J. , Smith , J. W. and Jackson , M. D. 1968 . Insecticide residues in cigarettes . Tob Sci , 12 : 66 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Domanski , J. J. , Laws , J. M. , Haire , P. L. and Sheets , T. J. 1973 . Insecticide residues on 1971 U. S. Tobacco products . Tob Sci , 17 : 80 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Voss , R. C. and Nicol , H. 1960 . Metallic trace elements in tobacco . Lancet , II : 435 – 36 .
   Google Scholar