References
- Baglan , R J , Brill , A B Schulert , A . 1974 . Utility of placental tissue as an indicator of trace element exposure to adult and fetus . Environ Res , 8 : 64 – 70 .
- van Hattum , B , de Voogt , P and Peereboom , J WC . 1981 . An analytical procedure for the determination of cadmium in human placenta . J Environ Anal Chem , 10 : 121 – 33 .
- Roels , H , Hubermont , G , Buchet , J P and Lauwerys , R . 1978 . Placental transfer of lead, mercury, cadmium, and carbon monoxide in women . Environ Res , 16 : 236 – 47 .
- Tsuchiya , H , Mitani , K , Kodama , K and Nakata , T . 1984 . Placental transfer of heavy metals in normal pregnant Japanese women . Arch Environ Health , 39 ( 1 ) : 11 – 17 .
- Kuhnert , P M , Kuhnert , B R Erhard , P . 1987 . The effect of smoking on placental and fetal zinc status . Am J Obstet Gynecol , 157 : 1241 – 46 .
- Schramel , P , Hasse , S and Ovcar-Pavlu , J . 1988 . Selenium, cadmium, lead, and mercury concentrations in human breast milk, in placenta, maternal blood, and the blood of the newborn . Biol Trace Elem Res , 15 : 111 – 24 .
- Truska , P , Rosival , L Balázowa , G . 1989 . Blood and placental concentrations of cadmium, lead, and mercury in mothers and their newborns . J Hyg Epidemiol Microbiol Immunol , 33 ( 2 ) : 141 – 47 .
- Goyer , R A and Cherian , M G . 1992 . “ Role of metallothionein in human placenta and rats with cadmium exposure ” . In Cadmium in the Human Environment: Toxicity and Carcinogenicity , Edited by: Nordberg , G F , Herber , R FM and Alessio , L . Vol. 118 , 239 – 47 . Lyon, , France : International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Scientific Publications .
- Json Lagerkvist , B , Ekesryd , S Englyst , V . 1996 . Increased blood lead and decreased calcium levels during pregnancy . Am J Public Health , 86 ( 9 ) in press
- Lagerkvist , B J , Nordberg , G F Söderberg , HÅ . 1992 . “ Placental transfer of cadmium ” . In Cadmium in the Human Environment: Toxicity and Carcinogenicity , Edited by: Nordberg , G F , Herber , R FM and Alessio , A . Vol. 118 , 287 – 91 . Lyon, , France : International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Scientific Publications .
- Miller , R K , Mattison , D R and Plowchalk , D . 1988 . “ Biological monitoring of the human placenta ” . In Biological Monitoring of Toxic Metals: Rochester Series of Environmental Toxicology , Edited by: Clarkson , T W , Friberg , L , Nordberg , G F and Sager , P . 567 – 602 . New York/London : Plenum Press .
- Kuhnert , P M , Kuhnert , B R , Bottoms , S F and Erhard , P . 1982 . Cadmium levels in maternal blood, fetal cord blood, and placental tissues of pregnant women who smoke . Am J Obstet Gynecol , 142 : 1021 – 25 .
- Loiacono , N J , Graziano , J H Kline , J K . 1992 . Placental cadmium and birth weight in women living near a lead smelter . Arch Environ Health , 47 ( 4 ) : 250 – 55 .
- Berlin , M , Blanks , R Catton , M . 1992 . “ Birth weight of children and cadmium accumulation in placentas of female nickel-cadmium (long-life) battery workers ” . In Cadmium in the Human Environment: Toxicity and Carcinogenicity , Edited by: Nordberg , G F , Herber , R FM and Alessio , L . Vol. 118 , 257 – 62 . Lyon, , France : International Agency for Research on Cancer, IARC Scientific Publications .
- Moberg Wing , A , Wing , K Tholin , K . 1992 . The relation of the accumulation of cadmium in human placenta to the intake of highfibre grains and maternal iron status . Europ J Clin Nutr , 46 : 585 – 95 .
- Kuhnert , B R , Kuhnert , P M , Debanne , S and Williams , T G . 1987 . The relationship between cadmium, zinc, and birth weight in pregnant women who smoke . Am J Obstet Gynecol , 157 : 1247 – 51 .