Increased Cardiopulmonary Disease Risk in a Community-Based Sample With Chemical Odor Intolerance: Implications for Women's Health and Health-Care Utilization

References

• Baldwin , C. M. 1996 . Environmental health summit report: research blueprint for the 21st century. . Environ Health Perspect , 104 : 210 – 13 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kipen , H. M. , Hallman , W. Kelly-McNeil , K. 1995 . Measuring chemical sensitivity prevalence: a questionnaire for population studies. . Am J Public Health , 85 : 574 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchwald , D. and Garrity , D. 1994 . Comparison of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, and multiple chemical sensitivities. . Arch Intern Med , 154 : 2049 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , I. R. , Schwartz , G. E. Baldwin , C. M. 1996 . Neural sensitization and physiological markers in multiple chemical sensitivity. . Reg Toxicol Pharmacol , 24 : S39 – S47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow , L. A. , Ryan , C. M. Hodgson , M. J. 1990 . Alterations in cognitive and psychological functioning after organic solvent exposure. . J Occup Med , 32 : 444 – 50 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bell , I. R. , Peterson , J. M. and Schwartz , G. E. 1995 . Medical histories and psychological profiles of middle-aged women with and without self-reported illness from environmental chemicals. . J Clin Psychiatry , 56 : 151 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , I. R. , Bootzin , R. R. Wyatt , J. K. 1995 . Cardiovascular status of elderly with and without increased sensitivity to environmental chemical stressors. . Ann Behav Med , 17 : S126
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin , C. M. , Bell , I. R. O'Rourke , M. K. 1997 . The association of respiratory problems in a community sample with self-reported chemical intolerance. . Eur J Epidemiol , 13 : 547 – 52 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , I. R. , Schwartz , G. E. Peterson , J. M. 1993 . Possible time-dependent sensitization to xenobiotics: self-reported illness from chemical odors, foods, and opiate drugs in an older adult population. . Arch Environ Health , 48 : 315 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , I. R. , Schwartz , G. E. Peterson , J. M. 1993 . Symptom and personality profiles of young adults from a college student population with self-reported illness from foods and chemicals. . J Am Coll Nutrition , 12 : 693 – 702 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bell , I. R. , Schwartz , G. E. Amend , D. 1994 . Sensitization to early life stress and responses to chemical odors in older adults. . Biol Psychiatry , 35 : 857 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , I. R. , Wyatt , J. K. Bootzin , R. R. 1995 . Slowed reaction time performance on a divided attention task in elderly with environmental chemical odor intolerance. . Int J Neurosci , 84 : 127 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , I. R. , Hardin , E. E. Baldwin , C. M. 1995 . Increased limbic system symptomatology and sensitizability of young adults with chemical and noise sensitivities. . Environ Res , 70 : 84 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiedler , N. , Kipen , H. M. DeLuca , J. 1996 . A controlled comparison of multiple chemical sensitivities and chronic fatigue syndrome. . Psychosom Med , 58 : 38 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , I. R. , Baldwin , C. M. and Schwartz , G. E. Illness from low levels of environmental chemicals: relevance to chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. . Am J Med , 104 1s – 14s . (suppl)
   Google Scholar
• Wallace , L. , Nelson , C. J. Kollander , M. 1991 . Indoor Air Quality and work Environment Study. Multivariate Statistical Analysis of Health, Comfort, and Odor Perceptions as Related to Personal and Workplace Characteristics. Research Triangle Park, NC: U.S. . Environmental Protection Agency , 4 : 32 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Meggs , W. J. , Dunn , K. A. Bloch , R. M. 1996 . Prevalence and nature of allergy and chemical sensitivity in a general population. . Arch Environ Health , 51 : 275 – 82 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neutra , R. R. 1994 . Some preliminary thoughts on the potential contribution of epidemiology to the question of multiple chemical sensitivity. . Public Health Rev , 22 : 271 – 78 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bell , I. R. , Miller , C. S. Schwartz , G. E. 1996 . Neuropsychiatric and somatic characteristics of young adults with and without chemical odor intolerance and chemical sensitivity. . Arch Environ Health , 51 : 9 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , I. R. , Schwartz , G. E. Bootzin , R. R. 1997 . Time-dependent sensitization of heart rate and blood pressure over multiple laboratory sessions in elderly individuals with and without chemical odor intolerance. . Arch Environ Health , 52 : 6 – 17 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quackenboss , J. J. , Lebowitz , M. D. and Hayes , C. 1989 . Epidemiological study of respiratory responses to indoor/outdoor air quality. . Environ Int , 15 : 493 – 502 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szarek , M. J. , Bell , I. R. and Schwartz , G. E. in press . Validation of a brief screening measure of environmental chemical sensitivity: the Chemical Odor Intolerance Index. . J Environ Psychology ,
   Google Scholar
• Cone , J. E. and Sult , T. A. 1992 . Acquired intolerance to solvents following pesticide/solvent exposures in a building: a new group of workers at risk for multiple chemical sensitivity. . Toxicol Ind Health , 8 : 29 – 39 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lebowitz , M. D. and Burrows , B. 1976 . Comparison of questionnaires: the BMRC and NHLI respiratory questionnaires and a new self-completion questionnaire. . Am Rev Respir Dis , 113 : 627 – 35 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speizer , F. , Burrows , B. Comstock , G. 1978 . Recommended respiratory disease questionnaires for use with adults and children in epidemiological research. . Am Rev Respir Dis , 118 ( 6 ) : 7 – 53 . part 2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heising , K. J. , Comstock , G. W. Speizer , F. E. 1979 . Comparison of three standardized questionnaires on respiratory symptoms. . Am Rev Respir Dis , 120 : 1221 – 31 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lebowitz , M. D. , Burrows , B. Traver , G. A. 1985 . Methodological considerations of epidemiological diagnoses in respiratory disease. . Eur J Epidemiol , 1 : 188 – 92 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• SPSS. 1993 . Chicago, Illinois
   Google Scholar
• Walter , S. D. 1995 . Methods of reporting statistical results from medical research studies. . Am J Epidemiol , 141 : 896 – 906 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doty , R. L. , Deems , D. A. Frye , R. E. 1988 . Olfactory sensitivity, nasal resistance, and autonomic function in patients with multiple chemical sensitivities. . Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg , 114 : 1422 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middaugh , D. A. , Pinney , S. M. and Linz , D. H. 1992 . Sick building syndrome: medical evaluation of two workforces. . J Occup Med , 34 : 1197 – 1203 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bell , I. R. , Bootzin , R. R. Davis , T. P. 1996 . Time-dependent sensitization of plasma beta-endorphin in community elderly with self-reported environmental chemical odor intolerance. . Biol Psychiatry , 40 : 134 – 43 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , I. R. , Miller , Cs and Schwartz , G. E. 1992 . An olfactory-limbic model of multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome: possible relationship to kindling and affective spectrum disorders. . Biol Psychiatry , 32 : 218 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews , K. A. 1994 . “ Reproductive hormones, stress, and cardiovascular reactivity in women ” . In Women, Behavior, and Cardiovascular Disease 145 – 51 . USDHHS/PHS/NIH/NHLBI, NIH Pub No 94–3309
   Google Scholar
• Simon , G. E. , Katon , W. J. and Sparks , P. J. 1990 . Allergic to life: psychological factors in environmental illness. . Am J Psychiatry , 147 : 901 – 6 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ter , A. I. 1993 . Multiple chemical sensitivities (editorial). . Ann Intern Med , 199 : 163 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gots , R. E. 1995 . Multiple chemical sensitivities—public policy. . Clin Toxicol , 33 : 111 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , I. R. 1994 . Somatization disorder: health care costs in the decade of the brain. . Biol Psychiatry , 35 : 81 – 83 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , I. R. , Schwartz , G. E. Hardin , E. E. 1998 . Differential resting qEEG alpha patterns in women with environmental chemical intolerance, depressives, and normals. . Biol Psychiatry , 43 : 376 – 88 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks , P. J. , Ayars , G. H. Simon , G. E. 1991 . Depression and panic attacks related to phenol-formaldehyde composite material exposure in an aerospace manufacturing plant. . Allerg Proc , 12 : 389 – 93 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quackenboss , J. J. , Lebowitz , M. D. and Kryzanowski , M. 1991 . The normal range of diurnal changes in peak expiratory flow rates. . Am Rev Respir Dis , 143 : 323 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennekens , C. H. and Buring , J. E. 1987 . Epidemiology in Medicine , 16 – 29 . Boston, MA : Little, Brown .
   Google Scholar
• Maynard , C. , Beshansky , J. R. Griffith , J. L. 1996 . Influence of sex on the use of cardiac procedure in patients presenting to the emergency department. A prospective multicenter study. . Circulation , 94 : 1193 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Shumaker , S. A. , Brooks , M. M. Schron , E. B. 1997 . Gender differences in health-related quality of life among postmyocardial infarction patients: brief report. . Worn Health , 3 : 53 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Wenger , N. K. , Speroff , L. and Packard , B. 1993 . Cardiovascular health and disease in women. . N Eng J Med , 329 : 247 – 56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott , S. J. 1995 . Psychosocial stress, women and heart health: a critical review. . Soc Sei Med , 40 : 105 – 15 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenger , N. K. 1994 . “ Coronary heart disease in women: needs and opportunities ” . In Women, Behavior, and Cardiovascular Disease , USDHHS/PHS/NIH/NHLBI, NIH Pub No 94–3309 7 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Desvigne-Nickens , P. 1994 . “ Reliability of diagnostic procedures for coronary heart disease in women ” . In Women, Behavior, and Cardiovascular Disease , USDHHS/PHS/NIH/NHLBI, NIH Pub No 94–3309 213 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Fiebach , N. H. 1994 . “ Biobehavioral factors in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary disease in women ” . In Women, Behavior, and Cardiovascular Disease , USDHHS/PHS/NIH/NHLBI, NIH Pub No 94–3309 253 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Bao , W. , Srinivasan , S. R. Wattigney , W. A. 1995 . The relation of parental cardiovascular disease to risk factors in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. . Circulation , 91 : 365 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins , M. , Province , M. Heiss , G. 1996 . NHLBI Family Heart Study: objectives and design. . Am j Epidemiol , 143 : 1219 – 28 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Camilli , A. E. , Holberg , C. J. Wright , A. L. 1993 . Parental childhood respiratory illness and respiratory illness in their infants. . Ped Pulmon , 16 : 275 – 80 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , C. A. , Kumar , S. Young , M. J. 1995 . Excess maternal history of diabetes in Caucasian and Afro-origin non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients suggests dominant maternal factors in disease transmission. . Diab Res Clin Prac , 28 : 47 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing , R. R. , Matthews , K. A. Kuller , L. H. 1992 . Environmental and familial contributions to insulin levels and change in insulin levels in middle-aged women. . JAMA , 268 : 1890 – 95 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arnold , A. Z. and Moodie , D. S. 1993 . Coronary artery disease in young women: risk factor analysis and long-term follow-up. . Clev Clin J Med , 60 : 393 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar