283
Views
97
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Short-Term Associations between Emergency Hospital Admissions for Respiratory and Cardiovascular Disease and Outdoor Air Pollution in London

, , , , &
Pages 398-411 | Received 18 Jun 1998, Published online: 05 Apr 2010

References

  • Ministry of Health. 1954 . Mortality and morbidity during the London fog of December 1952, Reports on Public Health and Medical Subjects No 95 , London : HMSO .
  • Dockery , D W and Pope , CA. 1994 . Acute respiratory effects of particulate air pollution . Ann Rev Public Health , 15 : 107 – 32 .
  • Schwartz , J. 1994 . Air pollution and hospital admissions for the elderly in Detroit, Michigan . Am J Respir Crit Care Med , 150 : 648 – 55 .
  • Schwartz , J. 1994 . Air pollution and hospital admissions for the elderly in Birmingham, Alabama . Am J Epidemiol , 139 : 589 – 98 .
  • Schwartz , J , Morris , R Moolgavkar , S H . 1995 . Air pollution and hospital admissions for cardiovascular disease in Detroit, Michigan. A critical review of the evidence on particulate air pollution and mortality . Am J Epidemiol , 142 : 23 – 35 .
  • Moolgavkar , S H and Luebeck , EG. 1996 . A critical review of the evidence on particulate air pollution and mortality . Epidemiology , 7 : 420 – 28 .
  • Lebowitz , MD. 1996 . Epidemiological studies of the respiratory effects of air pollution (Review) . Eur Respir J , 9 : 1029 – 54 .
  • Anderson , H R , Spix , C Medina , S . 1997 . Air pollution and daily admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 6 European cities: results from the APHEA project . Eur Respir J , 10 : 1064 – 71 .
  • Touloumi , G , Katsouyanni , K Zmirou , D . 1997 . Short-term effects of ambient oxidant exposure on mortality: a combined analysis within the APHEA project. Air Pollution and Health: a European Approach . Am J Epidemiol , 146 : 177 – 85 .
  • Sunyer , J , Spix , C Quenel , P . 1997 . Urban air pollution and emergency admissions for asthma in four European cities: the APHEA Project . Thorax , 52 : 760 – 65 .
  • Spix , C , Anderson , H R Schwartz , J . 1998 . Short-term effects of air pollution on hospital admissions for respiratory diseases in Europe: a quantitative summary of APHEA study results . Arch Environ Health , 53 : 54 – 64 .
  • Schwartz , J. 1994 . Air pollution and daily mortality: a review and metaanalysis . Environ Res , 64 : 36 – 52 .
  • Dockery , D W and Pope , CA. 1994 . Acute respiratory effects of particulate air pollution . Ann Rev Public Health , 15 : 107 – 32 .
  • American Thoracic Society. 1996 . Heath effects of outdoor air pollution . Am J Respir Crit Care Med , 153 : 3 – 50 .
  • Brunekreef , B , Dockery , D W and Krzyzanowski , M. 1995 . Epidemiologic studies on short-term effects of low levels of major ambient air pollution components . Environ Health Perspect , 103 : 3 – 13 .
  • Katsouyanni , K , Schwartz , J Spix , C . 1996 . Short-term effects of air pollution on health: a European approach using epidemiologic time series data: the APHEA protocol . J Epidemiol Commun Health , 50 ( Suppl 1 ) : S12 – S18 .
  • Katsouyanni , K , Zmirou , D Spix , C . 1995 . Short-term effects of air pollution on health: a European approach using epidemiological time-series data. The APHEA project: background, objectives, design . Eur Respir J , 8 : 1030 – 38 .
  • Ponce de , L , Anderson , H R Bland , J M . 1996 . Effects of air pollution on daily hospital admissions for respiratory disease in London between 1987–88 and 1991–92 . J Epidemiol Commun Health , 50 ( Suppl 1 ) : s63 – s70 .
  • Wordley , J , Walters , S and Ayres , JG. 1997 . Short-term variations in hospital admissions and mortality and particulate air pollution . Occup Environ Med , 54 : 108 – 16 .
  • Buck , SF. 1960 . A method of estimation of missing values in multivariate data suitable for use with an electronic computer. R.S.S . B) , 22 : 302 – 06 .
  • AEA Technology . 1994 . National Environmental Technology Center. Air Pollution in the UK , AEA/RAMP/200015001/1 1997
  • Durrleman , S and Simon , R. 1989 . Flexible regression models with cubic splines . Stat Med , 8 : 551 – 61 .
  • Zeger , SL. 1988 . A regression model for time series of counts . Biometrika , 75 : 621 – 29 .
  • 1997 . SAS , Cary, NC : SAS Institute .
  • Schwartz , J , Fletcher , T and McMichael , A J , eds. 1997 . Health at the Crossroads: Transport Policy and Urban Health. Health Effects of Air Pollution from Traffic: Ozone and Particulate Matter
  • Goldsmith , J R , Griffith , H L Detels , R . 1983 . Emergency room admissions, meteorologic variables, and air pollutants: a path analysis . Am J Epidemiol , 118 : 759 – 78 .
  • Health Effects Institute. 1997 . Particulate air pollution and daily mortality, Analyses of the effects of weather and multiple air pollutants. Phase I.B. Report of the Particle Epidemiology Evaluation Project , Health Effects Institute .
  • Kalkstein , L S , Tan , G and Skindlov , J. An evaluation of objective clustering procedures for use in synoptic climatological classification . J Climate Appl Meterol , 26 717 – 30 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.