Adapting to Climate Change: Retrospective Analysis of Climate Technology Interaction in the Rice-Based Farming System of Nepal

References

• Abler , D. , Shortle , J. , Rose , A. and Oladosu , G. 2000 . Characterizing regional economic impacts and response to climate change . Global and Planetary Change , 25 ( 1–2 ) : 67 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawala , S. , Raksakulthai , V. , van Aalst , M. , Larsen , P. , Smith , J. and Reynolds , J. 2003 . Development and climate change in Nepal: Focus in water resources and hydro power , Paris : Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development .
   Google Scholar
• Ali , A. 1995 . Population pressure, environmental constraints and agricultural change in Bangladesh: Examples from three agro-ecosystems . Agriculture, Ecosystems, and Environment , 55 ( 2 ) : 95 – 109 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ausubel , J. H. 1995 . Technical progress and climatic change . Energy Policy , 23 ( 4–5 ) : 411 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barro , R. and Sala , X. I-Martin . 1992 . Convergence . Journal of Political Economy , 100 ( 2 ) : 223 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barro , R. and Sala , X. I-Martin . 1995 . Economic growth , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Bernard , A. B. and Durlauf , S. N. 1996 . Interpreting tests of the convergence hypothesis . Journal of Econometrics , 71 ( 2 ) : 161 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biggs , S. and Gauchan , D. 2001 . “ The broader institutional context of participatory plant breeding in the changing agricultural and natural resources R&D system in Nepal: An exchange of experiences from South and Southeast Asia ” . In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Participatory Plant Breeding and Participatory Genetic Resource Enhancement , 61 – 74 . Pokhara, , Nepal : CGIAR Participatory Research and Gender Analysis Program . ftp://iserver.ciat.cgiar.org/prga/nepal_procs/nepalprocs.pdf (last accessed 23 September 2010).
   Google Scholar
• Blaikie , P. and Brookfield , H. C. 1987 . Land degradation and society , London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Boserup , E. 1965 . The conditions of agricultural growth: The economics of agrarian change under population pressure , Chicago : Aldine .
   Google Scholar
• Brookfield , H. C. 1984 . Intensification revisited . Pacific Viewpoint , 25 ( 1 ) : 15 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Brookfield , H. C. 2001 . Intensification and alternative approaches to agricultural change . Asia Pacific Viewpoint , 42 ( 2 ) : 181 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Brush , S. B. and Turner , B. L. 1987 . “ The nature of farming systems and views of their change ” . In Comparative farming , Edited by: Turner , B. L. and Brush , S. B. 11 – 48 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Chalise , S. R. 1994 . “ Mountain environments and climate change in the Hindu Kush-Himalayas ” . In Mountain environments in changing climates , Edited by: Beniston , M. 382 – 404 . London and New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Chalise , S. R. and Khanal , N. R. 1996 . “ Hydrology of the Hindu Kush-Himalayas ” . Kathmandu, , Nepal : Report of a Regional Workshop, UNESCO/ICIMOD .
   Google Scholar
• Cisse , N. , Ndiaye , M. , Thiaw , S. and Hall , A. E. 1997 . Registration of ‘Mouride’ cowpea . Crop Science , 35 ( 4 ) : 1215 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Climate Change National Policy . 2009 . “ Climate change national policy ” . Singh Durbar, Kathmandu, , Nepal : Draft document, Ministry of Environment .
   Google Scholar
• Council for Agricultural Science and Technology . 1992 . “ Preparing U.S. agriculture for global climate change. Task Force Report No. 119 ” . Ames, IA : Council for Agricultural Science and Technology .
   Google Scholar
• de la Fuente , A . 1997 . The empirics of growth and convergence: A selective review . Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control , 21 ( 1 ) : 23 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denevan , W. M. 1983 . Adaptation, variation, and cultural geography . The Professional Geographer , 35 ( 4 ) : 399 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doolittle , W. E. 1984 . Agricultural change as an incremental process . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 74 ( 1 ) : 124 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eakin , H. 2000 . Smallholder maize production and climatic risk: A case study from Mexico . Climatic Change , 45 ( 1 ) : 19 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterling , W. E. 1996 . Adapting North American agriculture to climate change in review . Agricultural and Forest Meteorology , 80 ( 1 ) : 1 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Easterling , W. E. , Hurd , B. H. and Smith , J. B. 2004 . Coping with global climate change: The role of adaptation in the United States , Arlington, VA : Pew Center on Global Climate Change .
   Google Scholar
• Elawad , H. O. A. and Hall , A. E. 2002 . Registration of ‘Ein El Gazal’ cowpea . Crop Science , 42 ( 3 ) : 1745 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evenson , R. E. and Gollin , D. 2000 . “ The Green Revolution: End of century perspective ” . New Haven, CT : U.S. Economic Growth Center, Yale University . Paper presented to the Standing Project on Impact Assessment of the Technical Advisory Committee of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)
   Google Scholar
• Gauchan , D. , Joshi , M. and Biggs , S. 2003 . A strategy for strengthening participatory technology development in agriculture and natural resources innovations systems: The case of Nepal . International Journal of Technology Management and Sustainable Development , 2 ( 1 ) : 39 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Gauchan , D. and Yokoyama , S. 1999 . “ Farming systems research in Nepal: Current status and future agenda. Research Paper No. 24 ” . Nishigahara Kita-Ku, , Japan : National Research Institute of Agricultural Economics and Fisheries .
   Google Scholar
• Gitay , H. , Brown , S. , Easterling , W. and Jallow , B. 2001 . “ Ecosystems and their goods and services ” . In Climate change 2001: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability , Edited by: McCarthy , J. 235 – 342 . London : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Glantz , M. H. 1991 . The use of analogies in forecasting ecological and societal responses to global warming . Environment , 33 ( 1 ) : 10 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Goletti , F. 2001 . “ The impact of fertilizer study removal in Nepal ” . Kathmandu, , Nepal : Agricultural Development Bank . Agricultural Sector Performance Review, Discussion Paper No. 1
   Google Scholar
• Goletti , F. , Bhatta , A. and Gruhn , P. 2001 . “ Crop production and productivity growth in Nepal ” . Kathmandu, , Nepal : Agricultural Development Bank . Agricultural Sector Performance Review, Discussion Paper No. 2
   Google Scholar
• Gruhn , P. , Poudel , S. and Goletti , F. 2003 . Nepal fertilizer use study , Singadarbar, Kathmandu, , Nepal : HMG/MOAC .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , A. E. 2004 . Breeding for adaptation to drought and heat in cowpea . European Journal of Agronomy , 21 : 447 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayami , Y. and Ruttan , V. W. 1971 . Agricuitural development: An international perspective , Baltimore : The John Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hayami , Y. and Ruttan , V. W. 1985 . Agricultural development: An international perspective , Baltimore : The John Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• His Majesty's Government/Agricultural Development Bank (HMG/ADB) . 1995 . Nepal agricultural perspective plan , Kathmandu, Nepal, and Washington, DC : APROSC and John Mellor Associates .
   Google Scholar
• His Majesty's Government/Ministry of Agriculture Cooperatives (HMG/MOAC) . 2001 . Statistical information on Nepalese agriculture, 2000/2001 , Kathmandu, , Nepal : HMG/MOAC .
   Google Scholar
• His Majesty's Government/Ministry of Agriculture Cooperatives (HMG/MOAC) . 2002a . Selected indicators of Nepalese agriculture and population , Kathmandu, , Nepal : HMG/MOAC .
   Google Scholar
• His Majesty's Government/Ministry of Agriculture Cooperatives (HMG/MOAC) . 2002b . Statistical information on Nepalese agriculture, 2001/2002 , Kathmandu, , Nepal : HMG/MOAC .
   Google Scholar
• Howden , S. M. , Meinke , H. , Power , B. and McKeon , G. M. 2003 . “ Risk management of wheat in a non-stationary climate: Frost in central Queensland ” . In Integrative modeling of biophysical, social and economic systems for resource management solutions , Edited by: Jones , D. 17 – 22 . Townsville, , Australia : Paper presented at the Proceedings of the International Congress on Modelling and Simulation .
   Google Scholar
• Islam , N. 2003 . What have we learnt from the convergence debate? . Journal of Economic Surveys , 17 : 309 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jianchu , X. , Shrestha , A. and Erikson , M. 2009 . “ Climate change and its impacts on glacier water resource management in the Himalayan region ” . In Assessment of snow, glacier and water resources in Asia , Edited by: Braun , L. N. , Hagg , W. , Serverskiy , I. V. and Young , G. 44 – 54 . Koblenz, , Germany : UNESCO IHP and German IHP/HWRP National Committee .
   Google Scholar
• Joshi , K. D. and Witcombe , J. R. 2003 . The impact of participatory plant breeding (PPB) on landrace diversity: A case study for high-altitude rice in Nepal . Euphytica , 134 ( 1 ) : 117 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppel , B. M. 1995 . “ Induced innovation theory, agricultural research, and Asia's green revolution: A reappraisal ” . In Induced innovation theory and international agricultural development: A reassessment , Edited by: Koppel , B. M. 56 – 72 . Baltimore : The John Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kung , P. 1971 . “ Irrigation agronomy in monsoon Asia ” . Rome : Plant Production Miscellaneous Paper AGPC:MISC/2, Food and Agriculture Organization .
   Google Scholar
• Leichenko , R. M. and O'Brien , K. L. 2008 . Environmental change and globalization: Double exposures , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Liverman , D. M. 1990 . Drought impacts in Mexico: Climate, agriculture, technology, and land tenure in Sonora and Puebla . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 80 ( 1 ) : 49 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCunn , A. and Huffman , W. E. 2000 . Convergence in U.S. productivity growth for agriculture: Implications of interstate research spillovers for funding agricultural research . American Journal of Agricultural Economics , 82 ( 2 ) : 370 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McErlean , S. A. and Wu , Z. 2003 . Regional agricultural labor productivity convergence in China . Food Policy , 28 ( 3 ) : 237 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinsey , J. and Evenson , R. 1998 . “ Technology-climate interaction: Was the green revolution in India climate friendly? ” . In Measuring the impact of climate change on Indian agriculture , Edited by: Dinar , A. , Mendelsohn , R. , Evenson , R. , Parikh , J. , Sanghi , A. , Kumar , K. , McKinsey , J. and Lonergan , S. Washington, DC : World Bank . World Bank Technical Paper No. 402.
   Google Scholar
• Mendelsohn , R. , Dinar , A. and Singh , A. 2001 . The effect of development on the climate sensitivity of agriculture . Environment and Development Economics , 6 ( 1 ) : 85 – 101 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee , A. N. and Kuroda , Y. 2003 . Productivity growth in Indian agriculture: Is there evidence of convergence across states? . Agricultural Economics , 29 ( 1 ) : 43 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Council , National Research . 1999 . Human dimensions of global environmental change: Research pathways for the next decade , Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ngigi , S. N. , Thome , J. N. , Waweru , D. W. and Blank , H. G. 2000 . “ Technical evaluation of low-head drip irrigation technologies in Kenya ” . Nairobi, , Kenya : Research report, Nairobi University and the International Water Management Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Pandey , S. and Velasco , L. 2002 . “ Economics of direct seeding in Asia: Patterns of adoption and research priorities ” . In Direct seeding: Research issues and opportunities , Edited by: Pandey , S. , Mortimer , M. , Wade , L. , Tuong , T. P. , Lopez , K. and Hardy , B. 3 – 14 . Los Baños, Laguna : IRRI .
   Google Scholar
• Pinstrup-Andersen , P. 1982 . Agricultural research and technology in economic development , New York : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Pokhrel , T. P. 1996 . “ Current status of rice research and production in Nepal ” . In Proceedings of the 18th IRC Session , 237 – 42 . Rome, , Italy : Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations . Rome, Italy, September.
   Google Scholar
• Rahman , S. 2005 . “ Regional productivity and convergence in Bangladesh agriculture ” . Nottingham, , UK : Paper presented at the 79th annual conference of the Agricultural Economics Society .
   Google Scholar
• Riebsame , W. E. 1991 . Sustainability of Great Plains in an uncertain climate. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/greatplainresearch/10 (last accessed 16 July 2009).
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , N. J. 1992 . Adaptation of agriculture to climate change . Climatic Change , 21 ( 4 ) : 385 – 405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruttan , V. W. 1996 . Research to achieve sustainable growth in agricultural production into the 21st century . Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology , 18 ( 1 ) : 123 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sala I-Martin , X. 1996 . Regional cohesion: Evidence and theories of regional growth and convergence . European Economic Review , 40 ( 6 ) : 1325 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah , M. L. and Yadav , R. 2001 . Response of rice varieties to age of seedlings and transplanting dates . Nepal Agricultural Research Journal , 4 ( 1 ) : 12 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Shrestha , A. B. , Wake , C. P. , Dibb , J. E. and Mayewski , P. A. 2000 . Precipitation fluctuation in the Nepal Himalaya and its vicinity and relationship with some large scale climatological parameters . Journal of Climatology , 20 ( 3 ) : 317 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha , A. B. , Wake , C. P. , Mayewski , P. A. and Dibb , J. E. 1999 . Maximum temperature trends in the Himalaya and its vicinity: An analysis based on the temperature record from Nepal for the period 1971–1994 . Journal of Climate , 12 ( 9 ) : 2775 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperling , L. and Ashby , J. A. 1999 . “ Moving participatory breeding forward: The next step ” . In History of farming systems research , Edited by: Collinson , M. 354 – 62 . Wallingford, , UK : CAB International .
   Google Scholar
• Sthapit , B. R. , Joshi , K. D. and Witcombe , J. R. 1996 . Farmer participatory crop improvement: III. Participatory plant breeding, case of high altitude rice from Nepal . Experimental Agriculture , 32 : 479 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thapa , G. B. 1994 . “ Public resource allocation and agricultural performance in Nepal ” . Kathmandu, , Nepal : Policy Analysis in Agriculture and Related Resource Management, HMG/Ministry of Agriculture and Winrock International . Research Report Series No. 24
   Google Scholar
• Thirtle , C. , Piesse , J. , Lusigi , A. and Suhariyanto , K. 2003 . Multi-factor agricultural productivity, efficiency, convergence in Botswana, 1981–1996 . Journal of Development Economics , 71 ( 2 ) : 605 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tripathi , J. , Bhatta , M. R. , Justice , S. and Shakya , N. K. 2004 . “ Direct seeding: An emerging resource conserving technology for rice cultivation in the rice-wheat system ” . In Rice Research in Nepal: Proceedings of the 24th Summer Corp Workshop , Edited by: Gautam , A. K. , Akhtar , T. , Chaudhary , B. , Gaire , J. and Bhatta , K. R. 273 – 81 . Dhanusha, , Nepal : NARC/NRRP .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , B. L. and Ali Shajaat , A. M. 1996 . Induced intensification: Agricultural change in Bangladesh with implications for Malthus and Boserup . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA , 93 ( 25 ) : 14984 – 91 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witcombe , J. R. , Joshi , A. , Joshi , K. D. and Sthapit , B. R. 1996 . Farmers participatory crop improvement: I. Methods for varietal selection and breeding and their impacts on bio-diversity . Experimental Agriculture , 32 ( 3 ) : 453 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Yadav , R. P. 1987 . “ Agricultural research in Nepal: Resource allocation, structure and incentives ” . Washington, , DC : Research Report 62, International Food Policy Research Institute .
   Google Scholar