Contentious Land Change in the Amazon's Arc of Deforestation

References

• Adams , M. 2000 . Breaking ground: Development aid for land reform , London : Overseas Development Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Aldrich , S. P. 2009 . Land conflict and deforestation in the eastern Brazilian Amazon , East Lansing, MI : Michigan State University . PhD dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Aldrich , S. P. , Simmons , C. S. and Walker , R. 2008 . East Lansing : Michigan State University, Department of Geography . Unpublished data collected with support of NSF-BCS-06232399, Dissertation Research: Land Reform, Social Conflict, and Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon
   Google Scholar
• Almeida , R. 1999 . Revista Paulista denuncia cemitério da Fazenda Bala do Sul [Paulista magazine denounces cemetary on Fazenda Bala do Sul] . Opinião! , 14–15 October:2
   Google Scholar
• Almeida , R. 2006 . Amazônia reminiscências das terras dos canstanhais [Amazonian reminiscences of the land of Brazil nuts] . EcoDebate , 21 March
   Google Scholar
• Alston , L. J. 1996 . The determinants and impact of property rights: Land titles on the Brazilian frontier . The Journal of Law, Economics & Organization , 12 : 25 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alston , L. J. , Libecap , G. D. and Mueller , B. 1999 . Title, conflict, and land use: The development of property rights and land reform on the Brazilian frontiers , Ann Arbor : The University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Alston , L. J. , Libecap , G. D. and Mueller , B. 2000 . Land reform policies, the sources of violent conflict, and implications for deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon . Journal of Environmental Economics and Management , 39 : 162 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alves , D. 2002 . Space-time dynamics of the deforestation in Brazilian Amazônia . International Journal of Remote Sensing , 23 : 2903 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , L. E. , Granger , C. W. J. , Reis , E. , Weinhold , D. and Wunder , S. 2002 . The dynamics of deforestation and economic growth in the Brazilian Amazon , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Anselin , L. , Bera , A. K. , Florax , R. and Yoon , M. J. 1996 . Simple diagnostic tests for spatial dependence . Regional Science and Urban Economics , 26 : 77 – 104 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anselin , L. and Florax , R. 1995 . “ Small sample properties of tests for spatial dependence in regression models: Some further results ” . In New directions in spatial econometrics , Edited by: Anselin , L. and Florax , R. 21 – 74 . Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Araujo , C. , Bonjean , C. A. , Combes , J.-L. , Combes Motel , P. and Reis , E. J. 2009 . Property rights and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon . Ecological Economics , 68 : 2461 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arima , E. , Walker , R. , Perz , S. G. and Caldas , M. 2005 . Loggers and forest fragmentation: Behavioral models of road building in the Amazon basin . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 95 : 525 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arima , E. Y. , Walker , R. T. , Sales , M. , Souza , C. and Perz , S. G. 2008 . The fragmentation of space in the Amazon basin: Emergent road networks . Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing , 74 : 699
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Associated Press . 2005 . Thousands of landless peasants demonstrate in Brazil's capital . Associated Press: International News Section , 18 May
   Google Scholar
• Avissar , R. , Silva Dias , P. , Silva Dias , M. and Nobre , C. 2002 . The large-scale biosphere-atmosphere experiment in Amazonia (LBA): Insights and future research needs . Journal of Geophysical Research , 107 : 8086
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barata , R. 1995 . Inventário da violência: Crime e impunidade no campo Paraense, 1980–1989 [Inventory of violence: Crime and impunity in the Pará countryside] , Belém, , Pará, Brazil : Editora CEJUP .
   Google Scholar
• Barbieri , A. F. , Bilsborrow , R. E. and Pan , W. K. Y. 2005 . Farm household lifecycles and land use in the Ecuadorian Amazon . Population & Environment , 27 : 1 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batistella , M. , Alves , D. , Artaxo , P. , Bustamante , M. , Keller , M. , Luizão , F. , Marengo , J. , Martinelli , L. , Nobre , C. and Becker , K. 2007 . Plano científico LBA2—Programa de pesquisas sobre interaçoes biosfera-atmosfera na Amazônia [LBA2 scientific plan—Research program on biosphere-atmosphere interactions in Amazonia] . Brasília, Brazil: Ministério da Ciência e Technologia
   Google Scholar
• Batistia , J. 2000 . MST denuncia devastação e instituições se defendem [MST denounce devastation and the institutions which defend it] . Correio do Tocantins , 23–26 June:7
   Google Scholar
• Bicalho , A. and Hoefle , S. 2008 . On the cutting edge of the Brazilian frontier: New (and old) agrarian questions in the south central Amazon . Journal of Peasant Studies , 35 : 1 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bilsborrow , R. E. and Ogendo , H. W. O. O. 1992 . Population-driven changes in land use in developing countries . Ambio , 21 : 37 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaikie , P. 2008 . Epilogue: Towards a future for political ecology that works . Geoforum , 39 : 765 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaikie , P. and Brookfield , H. 1987 . Land degradation and society , London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Brandford , S. and Glock , O. 1985 . The last frontier: Fighting over land in the Amazon , London : Zed Books .
   Google Scholar
• Branford , S. and Rocha , J. 2002 . Cutting the wire: The story of the landless movement in Brazil , London : Latin America Bureau .
   Google Scholar
• Brannstrom , C. 2001 . Producing possession: Labour, law, and land on a Brazilian agricultural frontier, 1920–1945 . Political Geography , 20 : 859 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brasil . 1988 . “ Constituição da República federativa do Brasil de 1988 [1988 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Brazil] ” . Brasília, , Brazil : Government of Brazil .
   Google Scholar
• Brasil , J. 2001 . Conflito agrário: Fazenda Bala do Sul é atacada e incendiada [Agrarian conflict: Fazenda Bala do Sul is atacked and burned] . Opinião! , 18–20 August:16
   Google Scholar
• Brazil . 2010 . Plano Brazil: Participação e inclusão [Plan Brazil: Participation and inclusion] . http://www.planobrasil.gov.br/ (last accessed 27 October 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Brondizio , E. , McCracken , S. D. , Moran , E. F. , Siqueira , A. , Nelson , D. and Rodriguez-Pedraza , C. 2002 . “ The colonist footprint: Toward a conceptual framework of land use and deforestation trajectories among small farmers in the Amazonian frontier ” . In Deforestation and land use in the Amazon , Edited by: Wood , C. H. and Porro , R. 133 – 61 . Gainesville : University Press of Florida .
   Google Scholar
• Brondízio , E. , Safar , C. A. M. and Siqueira , A. 2002 . The urban market of açaí fruit (Euterpe oleracea mart.) and rural land use change: Ethnographic insights into the role of price and land tenure constraining agricultural choices in the Amazon estuary . Urban Ecosystems , 6 : 67 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. C. , Jepson , W. and Price , K. P. 2004 . Expansion of mechanized agriculture and land-cover change in southern Rondônia, Brazil . Journal of Latin American Geography , 3 : 96 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , J. C. and Purcell , M. 2005 . There's nothing inherent about scale: Political ecology, the local trap, and the politics of development in the Brazilian Amazon . Geoforum , 36 : 607 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caldas , M. 2008 . Settlement formation and land cover and land use change: A case study in the Brazilian Amazon . PhD dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
   Google Scholar
• Caldas , M. , Walker , R. , Arima , E. Y. , Perz , S. , Aldrich , S. P. and Simmons , C. S. 2007 . Theorizing land cover and land use change: The peasant economy of Amazonian deforestation . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 97 : 86 – 110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell , D. J. and Olson , J. 1991 . Framework for environment and development: The kite , East Lansing : CASID, Michigan State University .
   Google Scholar
• Cardoso , B. 2000 . Devastação: Bala do Sul pode ser desapropriada por crime ambiental [Devastation: Bala do Sul may be expropriated for environmental crimes] . Opinião! , 27–28 July:14
   Google Scholar
• Castree , N. and Braun , B. 2001 . Social nature: Theory, practice, and politics , Malden, MA : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Chayanov , A. V. [1925] 1986 . A. V. Chayanov on the theory of peasant economy , Edited by: Thorner , D. , Kerblay , B. and Smith , R. E. F. Madison : University of Wisconsin Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chomitz , K. M. and Thomas , T. S. 2003 . Determinants of land use in Amazônia: A fine-scale spatial analysis . American Journal of Agricultural Economics , 85 : 1016 – 28 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowdhury , R. R. and Turner , B. L. 2006 . Reconciling agency and structure in empirical analysis: Smallholder land use in the southern Yucatán, Mexico . Annals of the Association of America Geographers , 96 : 302 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciccantell , P. S. 1999 . It's all about power: The political economy and ecology of redefining the Brazilian Amazon . The Sociological Quarterly , 40 : 293 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleary , D. 1993 . After the frontier: Problems with political economy in the modern Brazilian Amazon . Journal of Latin American Studies , 25 : 331 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correio Editors . 1991 . Pecuarista esclarece sobre conflitos na fazenda [Rancher offers clarification about conflicts on ranch] . O Correio do Tocantins , 9 September:8
   Google Scholar
• Correio Editors . 1996a . Sem-terra iniciam ocupação da Fazenda Macaxeira em Eldorado [Landless initiate occupation of Fazenda macadeira in Eldorado] . Correio do Tocantins , 8–14 March:15
   Google Scholar
• Correio Editors . 1996b . Sinistro misterioso destrói trator da Fazenda Bala do Sul [Sinister mystery destroys tractor on Fazenda Bala do Sul] . Correio do Tocantins , 2–8 August:7
   Google Scholar
• Correio Editors . 1998 . Reforma agrária na marra: Fazenda Bala do Sul também na mira dos invasores de terra [Agrarian reform by force: Fazenda Bala do Sul also the target of land invasion] . Correio do Tocantins , 24–26 March:11
   Google Scholar
• Correio Editors . 1999a . Bala do Sul desocupada sem incidentes [Bala do Sul eviction without incidents] . Correio do Tocantins , 27–29 July:13
   Google Scholar
• Correio Editors . 1999b . Bala do Sul: Pecuarista pretende pedir indenizção ao estado pela depredação da fazenda [Bala do Sul: Rancher intends to seek compensation from the state for the destruction of ranch] . Correio do Tocantins , 9–12 July:8
   Google Scholar
• Correio Editors . 1999c . Invasores de terra cerceiam trabalho da imprensa [Land invaders hinder the press] . Correio do Tocantins , 13–16 July:16
   Google Scholar
• Correio Editors . 1999d . MST ameaça radicalizar as manifestações no estado [MST threatens to radicalize its protests in the state] . Correio do Tocantins , 3–6 December:14
   Google Scholar
• Correio Editors . 1999e . MST deocupa fazenda após negociações [MST quits ranch after negotiations] . Correio do Tocantins , 27–29 April:8
   Google Scholar
• Correio Editors . 1999f . MST diz que Bala do Sul não tem título definitivo [MST says Bala do Sul does not have definitive title] . Correio do Tocantins , 27–29 April:9
   Google Scholar
• Correio Editors . 1999g . MST ocupa fazendas Bala do Sul e Juazeiro na região [MST occupies Fazendas Bala do Sul and Juazeiro in the region] . Correio do Tocantins , 27–29 March: 16
   Google Scholar
• Correio Editors . 1999h . PM desocupa Bala do Sul sem problemas e despejados acampam no pátio do INCRA [PM clears Bala do Sul without problems and the evicted set up camp on INCRA's doorstep] . Correio do Tocantins , 27–29 July:1
   Google Scholar
• Correio Editors . 1999i . PM mobiliza 400 homens para retirar invasores da Bala do Sul [PM mobilize 400 men to clear invaders from Bala do Sul] . Correio do Tocantins , 23–26 April:16
   Google Scholar
• Correio Editors . 1999j . PM usa 400 homens para acompanhar deocupação da Fazenda Bala do Sul [PM use 400 men to supervise the eviction of Fazenda Bala do Sul] . Correio do Tocantins , 23–26 April:1
   Google Scholar
• Correio Editors . 1999k . Saque & vandalismo: Sem-terra abatem bois a tiro e mantêm crianças como reféns [Sack & vandalism: Landless slaughter cattle at gunpoint and imprison children] . Correio do Tocantins , 20–22 April:15
   Google Scholar
• Correio Editors . 1999l . Sem-terra saqueiam criatório de peixe na Fazenda Bala do Sul [Landless sack a fish farm on Fazenda Bala do Sul] . Correio do Tocantins , 1–4 April:14
   Google Scholar
• Correio Editors . 2002 . Mais de 20 vacas foram abatidas a tiros na Fazenda Bala do Sul [More than 20 cows were slaughtered at gunpoint on Fazenda Bala do Sul] . Correio do Tocantins , 27–30 December:5
   Google Scholar
• Correio Editors . 2004 . Trabalho degradante atinge 18 pessoas em fazenda no Pará [Degradating work affects 18 people on a ranch in Pará] . Correio do Tocantins , 13–16 February:6
   Google Scholar
• Comissão Pastoral de Terra . 2000 . Conflitos de terra por estado—Brasil—2000 [Land conflicts by state—Brazil—2000] , Belém, , Pará, Brazil : Comissão Pastoral de Terra .
   Google Scholar
• Comissão Pastoral de Terra . 2001 . Conflitos de terra por estado—Brasil—2001 [Land conflicts by state—Brazil—2001] , Belém, , Pará, Brazil : Comissão Pastoral de Terra .
   Google Scholar
• Comissão Pastoral de Terra . 2002 . Conflitos de terra por estado—Brasil—2002 [Land conflicts by state—Brazil—2002] , Belém, , Pará, Brazil : Comissão Pastoral de Terra .
   Google Scholar
• Comissão Pastoral de Terra . 2003 . Conflitos de terra por estado—Brasil—2003 [Land conflicts by state—Brazil—2003] , Belém, , Pará, Brazil : Comissão Pastoral de Terra .
   Google Scholar
• Comissão Pastoral de Terra . 2004 . Conflitos de terra por estado—Brasil—2004 [Land conflicts by state—Brazil—2004] , Belém, , Pará, Brazil : Comissão Pastoral de Terra .
   Google Scholar
• Comissão Pastoral de Terra . 2005 . Conflitos de terra por estado—Brasil—2005 [Land conflicts by state—Brazil—2005] , Belém, , Pará, Brazil : Comissão Pastoral de Terra .
   Google Scholar
• Comissão Pastoral de Terra . 2006 . Conflitos de terra por estado—Brasil—2006 [Land conflicts by state—Brazil—2006] , Belém, , Pará, Brazil : Comissão Pastoral de Terra .
   Google Scholar
• Comissão Pastoral de Terra . 2007 . Conflitos de terra por estado—Brasil—2007 [Land conflicts by state—Brazil—2007] , Belém, , Pará, Brazil : Comissão Pastoral de Terra .
   Google Scholar
• Crist , J. and McCarthy , J. 1996 . “If I had a hammer”: The changing methodological repertoire of collective behavior and social movements research . Mobilization: An International Quarterly , 1 : 87 – 102 .
   Google Scholar
• DataLuta . 2008 . Dataluta 2007 , São Paulo, , Brazil : Núcleo de Estudos, Pesquisas, e Projetos de Reforma Agrária, UNESP .
   Google Scholar
• de Almeida , A. V. B. 1990 . “ The state and land conflict in Amazonia, 1964–88 ” . In The future of Amazonia , Edited by: Goodman , D. and Hall , A. 226 – 44 . New York : St. Martin's .
   Google Scholar
• de Almeida , A. V. B. 1994 . Carajás: A guerra dos mapas [Carajás: A war of maps] , Belém, , Pará, Brazil : Falangola Editora .
   Google Scholar
• Dean , W. 1987 . Brazil and the struggle for rubber , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• de Sherbinin , A. , VanWey , L. K. , McSweeney , K. , Aggarwal , R. , Barbieri , A. , Henry , S. , Hunter , L. M. , Twine , W. and Walker , R. 2008 . Rural household demographics, livelihoods and the environment . Global Environmental Change , 18 : 38 – 53 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Souza , C. 1999a . Cadê o alimento? Acampamento do MST na “Bala do Sul” passa por dificuldades [Where's the food? MST encampment on “Bala do Sul” encounters difficulties] . Opinião! , 30–31 March:16
   Google Scholar
• de Souza , C . 1999b . Irredutives: MST declara que não sai da Fazenda Bala do Sul [Undaunted: MST declare that they will not quit Fazenda Bala do Sul] . Opinião! , 17–19 April:16
   Google Scholar
• Earl , J. , Martin , A. , McCarthy , J. and Soule , S. 2004 . The use of newspaper data in the study of collective action . Annual Review of Sociology , 30 : 65 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , F. 1993 . Peasant economics: Farm households and agrarian development , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• EMBRAPA and IBGE . 1999 . Mapa de solos do Brasil [Soil map of Brazil] , Brasília, , Brazil : Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics .
   Google Scholar
• Emmi , M. 1999 . A oligarquia do Tocantins e o domínio dos castanhais [The oligarchy of Tocantins and the domain of the Brazil nut] , Belém, , Pará, Brazil : Federal University of Pará .
   Google Scholar
• Escobar , A. 1999 . After nature: Steps to an anti-essentialist political ecology . Current Anthropology , 40 : 1 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearnside , P. M. 2001 . Land tenure issues as factors in environmental destruction in Brazilian Amazonia: The case of southern Pará . World Development , 29 : 1361 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes , B. M. 1999 . “ La territorialización del movimiento de los trabajadores sin tierra en Brasil (MST) [The territorialization of the Movement of Landless Rural Workers in Brazil (MST)] ” . Caracas, , Venezuela : Editorial Nueva Sociedad .
   Google Scholar
• Filho , C. 1999a . Bala do Sul volta a viver clima tenso [Bala do Sul returns to a climate of tension] . Correio do Tocantins , 14–17 January:15
   Google Scholar
• Filho , C. 1999b . Coordenador da CPT espera que sem-terra sejam liberados esta semana [Coordinator of the CPT hopes landless will be released this week] . Correio do Tocantins , 22–24 June:14
   Google Scholar
• Filho , C. 1999c . Juíza relaxa prisão de sem-terra após manifestação de protesto [Judge opens jail after landless protest march] . Correio do Tocantins , 25–28 June:14
   Google Scholar
• Filho , C. 1999d . PM acompanhou perícia na Bala do Sul [PM accompany expert to Bala do Sul] . Correio do Tocantins , 17–20 September:15
   Google Scholar
• Filho , C. 2000 . Bala do Sul só espera ordem do governador para ser desocupada [Bala do Sul awaits the order of the governor to be cleared of occupiers] . Correio do Tocantins , 7–10 July:18
   Google Scholar
• Filho , C. 2001a . Bala do Sul: Desapropriação depende do presidente [Bala do Sul: Expropriation depends on the president] . Correio do Tocantins , 9–11 January:8
   Google Scholar
• Filho , C. 2001b . Bala do Sul: Sem-terra ateiam fogo na sede e espancam funcionários da fazenda [Bala do Sul: Landless burn farm headquarters and beat ranch functionaries] . Correio do Tocantins , 17–20 August:20
   Google Scholar
• Folhapress . 2006 . Estado tem 67 nomes na “lista suja” [State has 67 names on the “dirty list”] . O Liberal , 3 August:9
   Google Scholar
• Foweraker , J. 1981 . The struggle for land: A political economy of the pioneer frontier in Brazil from 1930 to the present day , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Geist , H. J. and Lambin , E. F. 2001 . What drives tropical deforestation?: A meta-analysis of proximate and underlying causes of deforestation based on subnational case study evidence , Louvain-la-Neuve, , Belgium : LUCC International Project .
   Google Scholar
• Goody , J. 1962 . The developmental cycle in domestic groups , Cambridge, , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gutman , G. , Janetos , A. , Justice , C. , Moran , E. F. , Mustard , J. , Rindfuss , R. R. , Skole , D. L. , Turner , B. L. II and Cochrane , M. A. 2004 . Land change science: Observing, monitoring, and understanding trajectories of change on the earth's surface , New York : Kluwer Academic .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , A. L. 1987 . Agrarian crisis in Brazilian Amazonia: The Grande Carajás programme . Journal of Development Studies , 23 : 522 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , A. L. 1989 . Developing Amazonia: Deforestation and social conflict in Brazil's Carajas programme , Manchester, , UK : Manchester University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hames , R. B. and Vickers , W. T. 1983 . Adaptive responses of native Amazonia. , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hecht , S. B. 1985 . Environment, development and politics: Capital accumulation and the livestock sector in eastern Amazonia . World Development , 13 : 663 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht , S. and Cockburn , A. 1990 . The fate of the forest: Developers, destroyers, and defenders of the Amazon , New York : HarperCollins .
   Google Scholar
• Hennigan , T. 2008 . Once they were heroes, now Brazil's rainforest farmers are villains . Times Online , 12 April http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article3732232.ece (last accessed 10 October 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Ianni , O. 1979 . A luta pela terra: História social da terra e da luta pela terra numa área da Amazônia [The fight for land: Social history of the land and the fight for land in an area of Amazonia] , Petrópolis, , Brazil : CIP-Brazil .
   Google Scholar
• Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária. 2003 . Mapa dos projetos assentamentos [Map of settlement projects] , Marabá, , Pará, Brazil : Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária—INCRA .
   Google Scholar
• Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais . 2005 . Monitoriamento da floresta Amazônia Brasileira por satélite: Projecto prodes [Monitoring the Brazilian Amazon forest by satellite: PRODES project] , Brasilia, , Brazil : Government of Brazil .
   Google Scholar
• Jadão , P. B. R. 1984 . Marabá: A história de uma parte da Amazônia, da gente que nela vivia e da gente que a desbravou e dominou, fazendo-a emergir para a civilização. De 1892 até nossos dias [Marabá: A history of a part of the Amazon, of people who lived there, pioneered and dominated it, and how they caused it to be civilized. From 1892 to our times] , Marabá, , Pará, Brazil : Municipal Offices of Marabá .
   Google Scholar
• Jepson , W. 2005 . A disappearing biome? Reconsidering land-cover change in the Brazilian savanna . The Geographical Journal , 171 : 99 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. K. 2004 . Bala do Sul será vistoriada e PRONERA realiza aula inaugural para agronomia [Bala do Sul to be inspected and PRONERA has inagural course in agronomy] . Correio do Tocantins , 12–25 October:4
   Google Scholar
• Keller , M. , Alencar , A. , Asner , G. , Braswell , B. , Bustamante , M. , Davidson , E. , Feldpausch , T. , Fernandes , E. , Goulden , M. and Kabat , P. 2004 . Ecological research in the large-scale biosphere–atmosphere experiment in Amazonia: Early results . Ecological Applications , 14 : 3 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klandermans , B. and Staggenborg , S. 2002 . Methods of social movement research , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lambin , E. F. , Geist , H. J. and Lepers , E. 2003 . Dynamics of land-use and land-cover change in tropical regions . Annual Review of Environmental Resources , 28 : 205 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambin , E. F. , Turner , B. L. II , Geist , H. J. , Agbola , S. B. , Angelsen , A. , Bruce , J. W. Coomes , O. T. 2001 . The causes of land-use and land-cover change: Moving beyond the myths . Global Environmental Change , 11 : 261 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Breton , B . 2003 . Trapped: Modern-day slavery in the Brazilian Amazon , Sterling, VA : Kumarian Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mahar , D. J. 1979 . Frontier development policy in Brazil: A study of Amazonia , New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Mahar , D. J. 1989 . Government polices and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon , Washington, DC : World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Marquette , C. M. 1998 . Land use patterns among small farmer settlers in the northeastern Ecuadorian Amazon . Human Ecology , 26 : 573 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martins , J. d. S. 1975 . Capitalismo e tradicionalism: Estudos sobre as contradições da sociedade agrária no Brasil [Capitalism and traditionalism: Studies of the contradictions of agrarian society in Brazil] , São Paulo, , Brazil : Livraria Pioneira Editoria .
   Google Scholar
• McAdam , D. , Tarrow , S. and Tilly , C. 2001 . Dynamics of contention , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• McCracken , S. D. , Boucek , B. and Moran , E. F. 2002 . “ Deforestation trajectories in a frontier region of the Brazilian Amazon ” . In Linking people, place, and policy: A GIScience approach , Edited by: Walsh , S. and Crews-Meyer , K. 215 – 34 . Boston : Kluwer Academic .
   Google Scholar
• McCracken , S. D. , Brondizio , E. , Nelson , D. , Moran , E. F. , Siqueira , A. and Rodriguez-Pedraza , C. 1999 . Remote sensing and GIS at farm property level: Demography and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon . Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing , 65 : 1311 – 20 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes , C. and Gross , T. 1992 . Fight for the forest: Chico Mendes in his own words , London : Latin America Bureau .
   Google Scholar
• Miller , B. 2000 . Geography and social movements: Comparing antinuclear activism in the Boston area , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press .
   Google Scholar
• Monbeig , P. 1957 . Evolução de generos de vida rural tradicionais no sudeste do Brasil [Evolution of traditional rural life in the southeast of Brazil] , São Paulo : Diffusão Europeia de Livro . Novos Estudos de Geografia Humana Brasileira
   Google Scholar
• Morais , T. and Silva , E. 2005 . Operação Araguaia: Os arquivos secretos da guerrilha [Operation Araguaia: The secret archives of the little war] , São Paulo, , Brazil : Geração Editorial .
   Google Scholar
• Moran , E. F. 1981 . Developing the Amazon , Bloomington : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moran , E. F. 1983 . “ The dilemma of Amazonian development ” . In Westview special studies on Latin America and the caribbean , Boulder, CO : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Moran , E. , Brondízio , E. S. and VanWey , L. K. 2005 . “ Population and the environment in the Amazon: Landscape and household dynamics ” . In Population, land use, and environment: Research directions , Edited by: Entwisle , B. and Stern , P. C. 106 – 34 . Washington, DC : National Academies Press .
   Google Scholar
• Morton , D. , DeFries , R. , Shimabukuro , Y. , Anderson , L. , Arai , E. , del Bon Espirito-Santo , F. , Freitas , R. and Morisette , J. 2006 . Cropland expansion changes deforestation dynamics in the southern Brazilian Amazon . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 103 : 14637 – 41 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyo , S. and Yeros , P. 2005 . Reclaiming the land: The resurgence of rural movements in Africa, Asia, and Latin America , New York : CED Books .
   Google Scholar
• Olmos , F. 2006 . O INCRA como catástrofe ambiental [INCRA is a environmental catastrophe] . Revista do Terceira Setor , 14 January http://www.oeco.com.br/fabio-olmos/18321-oeco15304 (last accessed 10 October 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Ondetti , G. 2008 . Land, protest, and politics: The landless movement and the struggle for agrarian reform in Brazil , University Park : Pennsylvania State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Opinião! Editors . 1999a . Bala do Sul: MST faz histórico sobre cemitério clandestino [Bala do Sul: MST describes the history of the clandestine cemetery] . Opinião! , 17–19 July:15
   Google Scholar
• Opinião! Editors . 1999b . Cemitério clandestino é encontrado na Bala do Sul [Clandestine cemetery is found on Bala do Sul] . Opinião! , 10–12 July:1
   Google Scholar
• Opinião! Editors . 1999c . Ficando bandeira: Fazenda Bala do Sul é novamente invadida [Staying under the flag: Fazenda Bala do Sul is invaded again] . Opinião! , 12–14 June:1
   Google Scholar
• Opinião! Editors . 1999d . Finalmente: Integrantes do MST foram liberados [Finally: MST members are released] . Opinião! , 26–28 June:16
   Google Scholar
• Opinião! Editors . 1999e . Intransigência: MST prejudica ação da imprensa [Intransigence: MST demands action by INCRA] . Opinião! , 13–14 July:14
   Google Scholar
• Opinião! Editors . 1999f . Luta pela terra: Sem-terra podem voltar a ocupar Fazenda Bala do Sul [The fight for land: The landless could reoccupy Fazenda Bala do Sul] . Opinião! , 29–30 July:3
   Google Scholar
• Opinião! Editors . 1999g . Ninguém passal: Acampados da Fazenda Bala do Sul interditam pa-150 [None may pass: Fazenda Bala do Sul occupiers block PA-150] . Opinião! , 11–12 November:5
   Google Scholar
• Opinião! Editors . 1999h . Pressão: Movimento dos sem-terra marcha pela liberdade dos companheiros presos [Pressure: Landless movement march for the liberty of imprisoned colleagues] . Opinião! , 24–25 June:13
   Google Scholar
• Opinião! Editors . 1999i . Radicalizou geral: Sem-terra não aceitam proposta para deocupar Bala do Sul [Everything radicalized: Landless refuse proposal to quit Bala do Sul] . Opinião! , 17–19 July:15
   Google Scholar
• Opinião! Editors . 1999j . Será? Solicitada a preventiva de líderes do movimento sem-terra [Maybe? Preventative imprisonment of MST leaders] . Opinião! , 12–14 June:15
   Google Scholar
• Opinião! Editors . 1999k . Tropa de choque enfrenta MST na Fazenda Bala do Sul [SWAT team confronts the MST on Fazenda Bala do Sul] . Opinião! , 23–26 April:1
   Google Scholar
• Opinião! Editors . 1999l . A volta: Fazenda Bala do Sul pode voltar a ser ocupada por famílias de sem-terra [The return: Fazenda Bala do Sul may be reoccupied by landless families] . Opinião! , 29–30 July:1
   Google Scholar
• Opinião! Editors . 2000a . Destruição ambiental: MST denuncia desmatamento da Fazenda Bala do Sul [Environmental destruction: MST denounces deforestation on Fazenda Bala do Sul] . Opinião! , 17–20 June:16
   Google Scholar
• Opinião! Editors . 2000b . Devastação na Fazenda Bala do Sul [Devastation on Fazenda Bala do Sul] . Opinião! , June 17–20: 1
   Google Scholar
• Opinião! Editors . 2000c . Novo conflitos: MST dá ultimato na Fazenda Bala do Sul [New conflicts: MST give an ultimatum on Fazenda Bala do Sul] . Opinião! , 6–7 July:9
   Google Scholar
• Opinião! Editors . 2001 . Procrastinação: Governador adia ações nas fazendas Bala do Sul e Ampulheta [Procrastination: Governor delays action on Fazendas Bala do Sul and Ampulheta] . Opinião! , : 30 – 31 . August:9
   Google Scholar
• Ortiz , D. , Myers , D. , Walls , E. and Diaz , M. 2005 . Where do we stand with newspaper data? . Mobilization: An International Quarterly , 10 : 397 – 419 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan , W. K. Y. and Bilsborrow , R. E. 2005 . The use of a multilevel statistical model to analyze factors influencing land use: A study of the Ecuadorian Amazon . Global and Planetary Change , 47 : 232 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peet , R. and Watts , M. 2004 . Liberation ecologies: Environment, development, social movements , London and New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Pelling , M. 2003 . “ Toward a political ecology of urban environmental risk: The case of Guyana ” . In Political ecology: An integrative approach to geography and environment-development studies , Edited by: Zimmerer , K. S. and Bassett , T. J. 73 – 93 . New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Peluso , N. L. and Watts , M. 2001 . Violent environments , Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Perz , S. and Skole , D. 2003 . Secondary forest expansion in the Brazilian Amazon and the refinement of forest transition theory . Society & Natural Resources , 16 : 277 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petras , J. 1998 . The new revolutionary peasantry: The growth of peasant-led opposition to neolibearlism . Z Magazine , : 11
   Google Scholar
• Pfaff , A. S. P. 1999 . What drives deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon? . Journal of Environmental Economics and Management , 37 : 26 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pichón , F. J. 1997 . Settler households and land-use patterns in the Amazon frontier: Farm-level evidence from Ecuador . World Development , 25 : 67 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis , E. and Guzmán , R. 1994 . “ An economic model of Amazon deforestation ” . In The causes of tropical deforestation: The economic and statistical analysis of factors giving rise to the loss of tropical forests , Edited by: Brown , K. and Pearce , D. 172 – 92 . London : University College of London Press .
   Google Scholar
• Repórter Brasil . 2007 . INCRA promote destinar fazenda flagradas com escravos à reforma agrária [INCRA promotes the seizure of largeholdings with flagrant wage-slavery for agrarian reform] . http://www.reporterbrasil.org.br/exibe.php?id=1001 (last accessed 27 October 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Rocheleau , D. E. 2008 . Political ecology in the key of policy: From chains of explanation to webs of relation . Geoforum , 39 : 716 – 27 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosset , P. , Patel , R. and Courville , M. 2006 . Promised land: Competing visions of agrarian reform , Stanford, CA : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rudel , T. K. 2002 . A tropical forest transition? Agricultural change, out-migration, and secondary forests in the Ecuadorian Amazon . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 92 : 87 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sant’Anna , L. 2008 . “Queremos saber a serviço de quem o INPE está mentindo” [“We would like to know who INPE is lying for”] . O Estado de São Paulo , 27 January http://www.amazonia.org.br/noticias/print.cfm?id=260422 (last accessed 10 October 2011).
   Google Scholar
• Santos , E. 2002 . Fechando o cerco: Equipe móvel combate trabalho escravo no sul e sudeste do Pará [Closing the corral: Agency team combats slave labor in the south and southeast of Pará] . Opinião , 29–30 August:4
   Google Scholar
• Santos , E. 2004 . Fazendas de Evandro Machado são constantes alvos do MST [Evandro Machado's ranches are constantly targets of the MST] . Opinião! , 24–26 April:6
   Google Scholar
• Santos , N. 1999a . Na grita: MST interdita rodovias e ocupa agência bancária [The call: MST blocks roads and occupies a bank office] . Opinião! , 2–5 December:15
   Google Scholar
• Santos , N. 1999b . Polícia suspende escavações na Fazenda Bala do Sul [Police suspend excavations on Fazenda Bala do Sul] . Opinião! , 13–14 July:15
   Google Scholar
• Santos , N. 1999c . Promessa é divida: MST rompe trégua e invade novamente Fazenda Bala do Sul [Broken promise: MST breaks their truce and again invades Fazenda Bala do Sul] . Opinião! , 12–14 June:16
   Google Scholar
• Santos , N. 1999d . Tudo em paz: MST recua para evitar confronto com polícia militar [All in peace: MST yields to avoid conflict with police] . Opinião! , 27–28 April: 14
   Google Scholar
• Santos , R. 1980 . História econômica da Amazônia (1800–1920) [Economic history of Amazonia (1800–1920)] , São Paulo, , Brazil : T.A. Queiroz .
   Google Scholar
• Sawyer , D. R. 1984 . “ Frontier expansion and retraction in Brazil ” . In Frontier expansion in Amazonia , Edited by: Schmink , M. and Wood , C. H. 180 – 203 . Gainesville : University of Florida Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schmink , M. and Wood , C. H. 1984 . Frontier expansion in Amazonia , Gainesville : University of Florida Press .
   Google Scholar
• Schmink , M. and Wood , C. H. 1987 . “ The “political ecology” of Amazonia ” . In Lands at risk in the third world: Local-level perspectives , Edited by: Little , P. D. , Horowitz , M. M. and Nyerges , A. E. 38 – 57 . Boulder, CO : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Schmink , M. and Wood , C. H. 1992 . Contested frontiers in Amazonia , New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sikor , T. and Müller , D. 2009 . The limits of state-led land reform: An introduction . World Development , 37 : 1307 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons , C. S. 2004 . The political economy of land conflict in the eastern Brazilian Amazon . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 94 : 183 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons , C. S. 2005 . Territorializing land conflict: Space, place, and contentious politics in the Brazilian Amazon . GeoJournal , 64 : 307 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Simmons , C. S. , Walker , R. , Arima , E. Y. , Aldrich , S. P. and Caldas , M. M. 2007 . Amazon land war in the south of Pará . Annals of the Association of America Geographers , 97 : 567 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simmons , C. S. , Walker , R. , Perz , S. , Aldrich , S. , Caldas , M. , Pereira , R. , Leite , F. and Fernandes , L. C. 2010 . Doing it for themselves: Direct action land reform in the Brazilian Amazon . World Development , 38 : 429 – 44 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh , I. , Squire , L. , Strauss , J. and Bank , W. 1986 . Agricultural household models: Extensions, applications, and policy , Baltimore, MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , N. H. 1982 . Rainforest corridors: The transamazon colonization scheme , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , N. J. H. , Serrão , E. A. S. , Alvim , P. T. and Falesi , I. C. 1995 . Amazonia: Resiliency and dynamism of the land and its people , Hong Kong : United Nations University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Soares-Filho , B. , Alencar , A. , Nepstad , D. , Cerqueira , G. , Vera Diaz , M. , Rivero , S. , Solarzano , L. and Voll , E. 2004 . Simulating the response of land-cover changes to road paving and governance along a major Amazon highway: The Santarém-cuiabá corridor . Global Change Biology , 10 : 745 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares-Filho , B. , Nepstad , D. , Curran , L. , Cerqueira , G. , Garcia , R. , Ramos , C. , Voll , E. , McDonald , A. , Lefebvre , P. and Schlesinger , P. 2006 . Modelling conservation in the Amazon basin . Nature , 440 : 520 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sousa , E. 1999 . Povo predestinade: MST ocupa pela terceira vez Fazenda Bala do Sul [People predestined: MST occupy Fazenda Bala do Sul for the third time] . Opinião! , 31 July–1 August:15
   Google Scholar
• Sousa , E. 2004 . Expectativa: Encerrado vistoria na Fazenda Bala do Sul [Expectations: Survey of Fazenda Bala do Sul completed] . Opinião , 25–26 November:8
   Google Scholar
• Souza , E. 2001 . Queda de braça: Aumenta a disputa entre MST e o Fazendeiro Jorge Machado [Failure: The dispute between the MST and the Rancher Jorge Machado intensifies] . Opinião! , 18–20 August:15
   Google Scholar
• Tilly , C. and Tarrow , S. 2007 . Contentious politics , Boulder, CO : Paradigm .
   Google Scholar
• Trofimov , Y. 2010 . Taliban capitalize on Karzai's logging ban . The Wall Street Journal , : 10 – 11 . April: A8
   Google Scholar
• Turner , B. L. II and Robbins , P. 2008 . Land-change science and political ecology: Similarities, differences, and implications for sustainability science . Annual Review of Environment and Resources , 33 : 295 – 316 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• VanWey , L. K. , D’Antona , A. d. O. and Brondízio , E. S. 2007 . Household demographic change and land use/land cover change in the Brazilian Amazon . Population & Environment , 28 : 163 – 85 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velho , O. G. C. A. 1972 . Frentes de expansao e estrutura agraria [Expansion and agrarian structure] , Rio de Janeiro, , Brazil : Zahar .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , P. A. and Fortmann , L. 2003 . Whose landscape? A political ecology of the “exurban” Sierra . Cultural Geographies , 10 : 469 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , R. 2003 . Mapping process to pattern in the landscape change of the Amazonian frontier . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 93 : 376 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , R. , Browder , J. O. , Arima , E. , Simmons , C. S. , Pereira , R. , Caldas , M. , Shirota , R. and de Zen , S. 2009 . Ranching and the new global range: Amazônia in the 21st century . Geoforum , 40 : 732 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , R. , DeFries , R. S. , de Carman Vera-Diaz , M. , Shimabukuro , Y. E. and Venturieri , A. 2009 . “ The expansion of intensive agricultural and ranching in Brazilian Amazonia ” . In Amazonia and global change , Edited by: Keller , M. , Bustamente , M. , Gash , J. and Dias , P. S. 61 – 81 . Washington, DC : American Geophysical Union .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , R. , Diniz , M. , Caldas , M. M. and Chermont , L. 2008 . “ A economia da Amazônia hoje e amanha: Integração nacional e a expansão da oferta [The Amazonian economy today and tomorrow: National integration and the expansion of commerce] ” . In Amazônia: Natureza e sociedade em tranformação [The Amazon: Nature and society in transformation] , Edited by: Batistella , M. , Moran , E. F. and Alves , D. S. 117 – 136 . São Paulo, , Brazil : Editoria da Universidade de São Paulo .
   Google Scholar
• Walker , R. and Homma , A. K. O. 1996 . Land use and land cover dynamics in the Brazilian Amazon: An overview . Ecological Economics , 18 : 67 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , R. , Moran , E. and Anselin , L. 2000 . Deforestation and cattle ranching in the Brazilian Amazon: External capital and household processes . World Development , 28 : 683 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , R. , Perz , S. , Caldas , M. and Silva , L. G. T. 2002 . Land use and land cover change in forest frontiers: The role of household life cycles . International Regional Science Review , 25 : 169 – 99 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , R. , Simmons , C. , Aldrich , S. , Perz , S. , Arima , E. and Caldas , M. 2011 . The Amazonian theater of cruelty . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 101 : 1156 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh , S. J. , Rindfuss , R. , Prasartkul , P. , Entwisle , B. and Chamratrithirong , A. 2005 . “ Population change and landscape dynamics: The Nang Rong, Thailand studies ” . In Population, land use, and environment: Research directions , Edited by: Entwisle , B. and Stern , P. C. 135–62 Washington, DC : National Academies Press .
   Google Scholar
• Watts , M. 1983 . Hazards and crises: A political economy of drought and famine in northern Nigeria . Antipode , 15 : 24 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Weinhold , D. and Reis , E. 2008 . Transportation costs and the spatial distribution of land use in the Brazilian Amazon . Global Environmental Change , 18 : 54 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , D. , Holmann , F. , Fuijsaka , S. , Reategui , K. and Lascano , C. 2001 . “ Will intensifing pasture management in Latin America protect forests?—Or is it the other way round? ” . In Agricultural technologies and tropical deforestation , Edited by: Angelsen , A. and Kaimowitz , D. 91 – 111 . Oxford, , UK : CAB International .
   Google Scholar
• Wolford , W. 2003a . Families, fields, and fighting for the land: The spatial dynamics of contention in rural Brazil . Mobilization: An International Journal , 8 : 201 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolford , W. 2003b . Producing community: The MST and land reform settlements in Brazil . Journal of Agrarian Change , 3 : 500 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolford , W. 2004 . This land is ours now: Spatial imaginaries and the struggle for land in Brazil . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 94 : 409 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolford , W. 2010 . This land is ours now: Social mobilization and the meanings of land in Brazil , Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , C. H. 1983 . “ Peasant and capitalist production in the Brazilian Amazon: A conceptual framework for the study of frontier expansion ” . In The dilemma of Amazonian development , Edited by: Moran , E. F. 259 – 77 . Boulder, CO : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Wright , A. and Wolford , W. 2003 . To inherit the earth: The landless movement and the struggle for a new Brazil , Oakland, CA : Food First Books .
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerer , K. S. 2004 . Cultural ecology: Placing households in human–environment studies—The cases of tropical forest transitions and agrobiodiversity change . Progress in Human Geography , 28 : 795 – 806 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar