Loamy, Two-Storied Soils on the Outwash Plains of Southwestern Lower Michigan: Pedoturbation of Loess with the Underlying Sand

References

• Ahr, S. W., L. C. Nordt, and S. G. Driese. 2012. Assessing lithologic discontinuities and parent material uniformity within the Texas sandy mantle and implications for archaeological burial and preservation potential in upland settings. Quaternary Research 78:60–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoine, P., D.-D. Rousseau, O. Moine, S. Kunesch, C. Hatte, A. Lang, H. Tissoux, and L. Zoller. 2009. Rapid and cyclic aeolian deposition during the Last Glacial in European loess: A high-resolution record from Nussloch, Germany. Quaternary Science Reviews 28:2955–73.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assuncao, R. M., M. C. Neves, G. Camara, and C. Da Costa Freitas. 2006. Efficient regionalisation techniques for socio-economic geographical units using minimum spanning trees. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 20:797–811.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badura, J., Z. Jary, and I. Smalley. 2013. Sources of loess material for deposits in Poland and parts of Central Europe: The lost Big River. Quaternary International 296:15–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, L. R., and R. J. Schaetzl. 1992. An examination of podzolization near Lake Michigan using chronofunctions. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 72:527–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettis, E. A., III, D. R. Muhs, H. M. Roberts, and A. G. Wintle. 2003. Last glacial loess in the conterminous USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 22:1907–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birkeland, P. W., N. M. Machette, and K. Haller. 1991. Soils as a tool for applied Quaternary geology. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Publication 91‑3, Salt Lake City, UT.
   Google Scholar
• Blewett, W. L., D. P. Lusch, and R. J. Schaetzl. 2009. The physical landscape: A glacial legacy. In Michigan geography and geology, ed. R. Schaetzl, J. Darden, and D. Brandt, 249–60. New York: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Brantley, S. L., and M. Lebedeva. 2011. Learning to read the chemistry of regolith to understand the critical zone. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 39:387–416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buggle, B., B. Glaser, L. Zoller, U. Hambach, S. Markovic, I. Glaser, and N. Gerasimenko. 2008. Geochemical characterization and origin of Southeastern and Eastern European loesses (Serbia, Romania, Ukraine). Quaternary Science Reviews 27:1058–1975.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cremeens, D. L. 2000. Pedology of the regolith-bedrock boundary: An example from the Appalachian plateau of northern West Virginia. Southeastern Geology 39:329–39.
   Google Scholar
• Cremeens, D. L., B. B. Brown, and J. H. Huddleston, eds. 1994. Whole regolith pedology. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication 34, Fitchburg, WI.
   Google Scholar
• Crownover, S. H., M. E. Collins, and D. A. Lietzke. 1994. Parent materials and stratigraphy of a doline in the valley and ridge province. Soil Science Society of America Journal 58:1738–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodson, R. L. 1993. Reinterpretation of the northwest portion of the Tekonsha Moraine, south-central Michigan. Physical Geography 14:139–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ESRI. 2014a. ArcGIS desktop help 10.0—Cluster and Outlier Analysis (Anselin Local Moran's I). http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#//005p0000000z000-000 (last accessed 7 December 2014).
   Google Scholar
• ———. 2014b. ArcGIS desktop help 10.0—Kriging in Geostatistical Analyst. http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#//003100000032000000.htm (last accessed 7 December 2014).
   Google Scholar
• ———. 2014c. ArcGIS help 10.2, 10.2.1, and 10.2.2—How Grouping Analysis works. http://resources.arcgis.com/en/help/main/10.2/005p/005p0000004w000000.htm (last ac-cessed 7 December 2014).
   Google Scholar
• ———. 2014d. ArcGIS help 10.2, 10.2.1, and 10.2.2—Tabulate Area (Spatial Analyst). http://help.arcgis.com/en/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#//009z000000w2000000.htm (last accessed 7 December 2014).
   Google Scholar
• ———. 2014e. ArcMap10.0–10.2. Redlands, CA: ESRI.
   Google Scholar
• Farrand, W. R., and D. F. Eschman. 1974. Glaciation of the southern peninsula of Michigan: A review. Michigan Academician 7:31–56.
   Google Scholar
• Fehrenbacher, J. B., J. L. White, A. H. Beavers, and R. L. Jones. 1965. Loess composition in southeastern Illinois and southwestern Indiana. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 29:572–79.
   Google Scholar
• Fisher, T. G., H. M. Jol, and A. M. Boudreau. 2005. Saginaw lobe tunnel channels (Laurentide ice sheet) and their significance in south-central Michigan. Quaternary Science Reviews 24:2375–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, T. G., and L. D. Taylor. 2002. Sedimentary and stratigraphic evidence for subglacial flooding, south-central Michigan, USA. Quaternary International 90:87–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folsom, M. M. 1971. Glacial geomorphology of the Hastings quadrangle, Michigan. PhD dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.
   Google Scholar
• Gesch, D. B. 2007. The National Elevation Dataset. In Digital elevation model technologies and applications: The DEM users manual. 2nd ed., ed. D. Maune, 99–118. Bethesda, MD: American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing.
   Google Scholar
• Gesch, D., M. Oimoen, S. Greenlee, C. Nelson, M. Steuck, and D. Tyler. 2002. The National Elevation Dataset. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 68 (1): 5–11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoover, M. T., and E. J. Ciolkosz. 1988. Colluvial soil parent material relationships in the ridge and valley physiographic province of Pennsylvania. Soil Science 145:163–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, C. B. 1972. Geology of soils. San Francisco: Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, P. M., J. A. Mason, and P. R. Hanson. 2011. Mississippi Valley regional source of loess on the southern Green Bay lobe land surface, Wisconsin. Quaternary Research 75:574–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasse, C. 2002. Sandy aeolian deposits and environments and their relation to climate during the Last Glacial Maximum and Late glacial in northwest and central Europe. Progress in Physical Geography 26:507–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehew, A. E., S. P. Beukema, B. C. Bird, and A. L. Kozlowski. 2005. Fast flow of the Lake Michigan lobe: Evidence from sediment-landform assemblages in southwestern Michigan, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 24:2335–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehew, A. E., J. M. Esch, A. L. Kozlowski, and S. K. Ewald. 2012. Glacial landsystems and dynamics of the Saginaw lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, Michigan, USA. Quaternary International 260:21–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehew, A. E., L. P. Nicks, and W. T. Straw. 1999. Palimpsest tunnel valleys: Evidence for relative timing of advances in an interlobate area of the Laurentide ice sheet. Annals of Glaciology 28:47–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleber, A. 1997. Cover-beds as soil parent materials in midlatitude regions. Catena 30:197–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozlowski, A. L., A. E. Kehew, and B. C. Bird. 2005. Outburst flood origin of the Central Kalamazoo River Valley, Michigan, USA. Quaternary Science Reviews 24:2354–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krumbein, W. C., and L. L. Sloss. 1963. Stratigraphy and sedimentation. San Francisco: Freeman.
   Google Scholar
• Larson, G. J., and K. Kincare. 2009. Late Quaternary history of the eastern Mid-Continent region, USA. In Michigan geography and geology, ed. R. Schaetzl, J. Darden, and D. Brandt, 69–90. New York: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Lefort, J. P., G. A. Danukalova, and J. L. Monnier. 2011. Origin and emplacement of the loess deposited in northern Brittany and under the English Channel. Quaternary International 240:117–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigh, D. S., and J. C. Knox. 1994. Loess of the Upper Mississippi Valley driftless area. Quaternary Research 42:30–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leverett, F., and F. B. Taylor. 1915. The Pleistocene of Indiana and Michigan and the history of the Great Lakes. U.S. Geological Survey Monographs 53.
   Google Scholar
• Lin, H. 2010. Earth's Critical Zone and hydropedology: Concepts, characteristics, and advances. Hydrology and Earth System Science 14:25–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luehmann, M. D., R. J. Schaetzl, B. A. Miller, and M. Bigsby. 2013. Thin, pedoturbated and locally sourced loess in the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Aeolian Research 8:85–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandel, R. D. 2008. Buried paleoindian-age landscapes in stream valleys of the central plains, USA. Geomorphology 101:342–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marković, S. B., U. Hambach, N. Catto, M. Jovanović, B. Buggle, B. Machalett, L. Zöller, B. Glaser, and M. Frechen. 2009. Middle and Late Pleistocene loess sequences at Batajnica, Vojvodina, Serbia. Quaternary International 198:255–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, J. A. 2001. Transport direction of Peoria loess in Nebraska and implications for loess source areas on the central Great Plains. Quaternary Research 56:79–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, J. A., P. M. Jacobs, P. R. Hanson, X. Miao, and R. J. Goble. 2003. Sources and paleoclimatic significance of Holocene Bignell Loess, central Great Plains, USA. Quaternary Research 60:330–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, J. A., C. J. Milfred, and E. A. Nater. 1994. Distinguishing soil age and parent material effects on an Ultisol of north-central Wisconsin, USA. Geoderma 61:165–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason, J. A., E. A. Nater, and H. C. Hobbs. 1994. Transport direction of Wisconsinan loess in Southeastern Minnesota. Quaternary Research 41:44–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, B. A., C. L. Burras, and W. G. Crumpton. 2008. Using soil surveys to map Quaternary parent materials and landforms across the Des Moines lobe of Iowa and Minnesota. Soil Survey Horizons 49:91–95.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, B. A., and R. J. Schaetzl. 2012. Precision of soil particle size analysis using laser diffractometry. Soil Science Society of America Journal 76:1719–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhs, D. R., C. A. Bush, K. C. Stewart, T. R. Rowland, and R. C. Crittenden. 1990. Geochemical evidence of Saharan dust parent material for soils developed on Quaternary limestones of Caribbean and western Atlantic islands. Quaternary Research 33:157–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Coastal Services Center. 2008. C-CAP zone 41 2006-era land cover. Time period of content 2005–2006. https://coast.noaa.gov/dataregistry/search/dataset/29B19ED9-7564-4820-9947-937A40793204 (last accessed 18 December 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Oganesyan, A. S. and N. G. Susekova. 1995. Parent materials of Wrangel Island. Eurasian Soil Science 27:20–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabenhorst, M. C., and J. E. Foss. 1981. Soil and geologic mapping over mafic and ultramafic parent materials in Maryland. Soil Science Society of America Journal 45:1156–60.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rieck, R. L., and H. A. Winters. 1980. Distribution and significance of glacially buried organic matter in Michigan's southern peninsula. Physical Geography 1:74–89.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, H. M., D. R. Muhs, A. G. Wintle, G. A. T. Duller, and E. A. Bettis, III. 2003. Unprecedented last-glacial mass accumulation rates determined by luminescence dating of loess from western Nebraska. Quaternary Research 59:411–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruhe, R. V. 1984. Loess-derived soils, Mississippi valley region: I. Soil-sedimentation system. Soil Science Society of America Journal 48:859–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutledge, E. M., N. Holowaychuk, G. F. Hall, and L. P. Wilding. 1975. Loess in Ohio in relation to several possible source areas: I. Physical and chemical properties. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 39:1125–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaetzl, R. J. 1998. Lithologic discontinuities in some soils on drumlins: Theory, detection, and application. Soil Science 163:570–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ———. 2008. The distribution of silty soils in the Grayling Fingers region of Michigan: Evidence for loess deposition onto frozen ground. Geomorphology 102:287–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaetzl, R. J., and J. W. Attig. 2013. The loess cover of northeastern Wisconsin. Quaternary Research 79:199–214.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaetzl, R. J., H. Enander, M. D. Luehmann, D. P. Lusch, C. Fish, M. Bigsby, M. Steigmeyer, J. Guasco, C. Forgacs, and A. Pollyea. 2013. Mapping the physiography of Michigan using GIS. PhysIcal Geography 34:1–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaetzl, R. J., and S. L. Forman. 2008. OSL ages on glaciofluvial sediment in northern Lower Michigan constrain expansion of the Laurentide ice sheet. Quaternary Research 70:81–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaetzl, R. J., S. L. Forman, and J. W. Attig. 2014. Optical ages on loess derived from outwash surfaces constrain the advance of the Laurentide ice from the Lake Superior Basin, Wisconsin, USA. Quaternary Research 81:318–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaetzl, R. J., and J. Hook. 2008. Characterizing the silty sediments of the Buckley Flats outwash plain: Evidence for loess in NW Lower Michigan. Physical Geography 29:1–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaetzl, R. J., F. Krist, P. Rindfleisch, J. Liebens, and T. Williams. 2000. Postglacial landscape evolution of northeastern lower Michigan, interpreted from soils and sediments. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90:443–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaetzl, R. J., and W. L. Loope. 2008. Evidence for an eolian origin for the silt‑enriched soil mantles on the glaciated uplands of eastern Upper Michigan, USA. Geomorphology 100:285–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaetzl, R. J., and M. D. Luehmann. 2013. Coarse-textured basal zones in thin loess deposits: Products of sediment mixing and/or paleoenvironmental change? Geoderma 192:277–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaetzl, R. J., L. R. Mikesell, and M. A. Velbel. 2006. Soil characteristics related to weathering and pedogenesis across a geomorphic surface of uniform age in Michigan. Physical Geography 27:170–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaetzl, R. J., and B. N. Weisenborn. 2004. The Grayling Fingers geomorphic region of Michigan: Soils, sedimentology, stratigraphy and geomorphic development. Geomorphology 61:251–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeneberger, P. J., and D. A. Wysocki. 2005. Hydrology of soils and deep regolith: A nexus between soil geography, ecosystems and land management. Geoderma 126:117–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoeneberger, P. J., D. A. Wysocki, E. C. Benham, and Soil Survey Staff. 2012. Field book for describing and sampling soils, Version 3.0. Lincoln, NE: Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center.
   Google Scholar
• Schulze, D. G., P. R. Owens, and G. E. Van Scoyoc. 2012. Learning about soil resources with digital soil maps. In Handbook of soil science—Resource management and environmental impacts. 2nd ed., ed. P. M. Huang, Y. Li, and M. E. Sumner, 33-1–33-7. Boca Raton, FL: CRC.
   Google Scholar
• Scull, P., and R. J. Schaetzl. 2011. Using PCA to characterize and differentiate the character of loess deposits in Wisconsin and Upper Michigan, USA. Geomorphology 127:143–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smalley, I. J. 1972. The interaction of great rivers and large deposits of primary loess. Trans actions of the New York Academy of Sciences 34:534–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, K. E., and R. J. Schaetzl. 2011. Characteristics and paleoenvironmental significance of a thin, dual-sources loess sheet, North Central Wisconsin. Aeolian Research 2:241–51.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, B. D., K. A. Kincare, D. W. O’Leary, S. C. Lundstrom, E. M. Taylor, and S. E. Brown. 2003. Glacial and postglacial geology of the Berrien County Region of Michigan. In Guidebook of the 49th Midwest Friends of the Pleistocene Field Conference.
   Google Scholar
• Trask, P. D. 1932. Origin and environment of source sediments of petroleum. Houston, TX: Gulf Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Vanmaercke-Gottigny, M. C. 1981. Some geomorphological implications of the cryo-aeolian deposits in western Belgium. Biuletyn Peryglacjalny 28:103–14.
   Google Scholar
• Veseth, R., and C. Montagne. 1980. Geologic parent materials of Montana soils. Montana Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 721, Bozeman, MT.
   Google Scholar
• Wald, J. A., R. C. Graham, and P. J. Schoeneberger. 2013. Distribution and properties of soft weathered bedrock at 1m depth in the contiguous United States. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 38:614–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, H., J. A. Mason, and W. L. Balsam. 2006. The importance of both geological and pedological processes in control of grain size and sedimentation rates in Peoria loess. Geoderma 136:388–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wysocki, D. A., P. J. Schoeneberger, and H. E. LaGarry. 2005. Soil surveys: A window to the subsurface. Geoderma 126:167–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar