Minor physical anomalies and obstetric complications in schizophrenia

References

• Murray RM, Lewis SW. Is schizophrenia a neurodevelopmental disorder?. British Medical Journal 1987; 296: 681–682
   Google Scholar
• Weinberger D. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Archives General Psychiatry 1987; 44: 660–669
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldrop MF, Halverson CF. Minor physical anomalies and hyperactive behavior in young children. Exceptional infant, J Hellmuth. Brunner/Mazel, New York 1971; 343–381
   Google Scholar
• Lane A, Larkin C, Waddington JL, O'Callaghan E. Dysmorphic features and schizophrenia. The neurodevelopmental basis of schizophrenia, JL Waddington, PF Buckley. Landes, Texas 1996; 79–93
   Google Scholar
• Lane A, Kinsella A, Murphy P, et al. The anthropometric assessment of dysmorphic features in schizophrenia as an index of its developmental origins. Psychological Medicine 1997; 27: 1155–1164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail B, Cantor‐Graae E, McNeil TF. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenic patients and their siblings. American Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 155: 1695–1702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Callaghan E, Buckley P, Madigan C, et al. The relationship of minor physical anomalies and other putative indices of developmental disturbance in schizophrenia to abnormalities of cerebral structure on magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry 1995; 38: 516–524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor‐Graae E, McNeil TF, Torrey EF, et al. Link between pregnancy complications and minor physical anomalies in monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1188–1193
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reilly JL, Lane A, Kinsella A, Larkin C, O'Callaghan E. Multivariate analysis of body size and shape in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1998; 29: 202
   Google Scholar
• Gorlin RJ, Chen MM, Levin SL. Syndromes of the head and neck. Oxford University Press, New York 1990
   Google Scholar
• Cantor‐Graae E, Ismail B, McNeil TF. Neonatal head circumference and related indices of disturbed foetal development in schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research 1998; 32: 191–199
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hultman CM, Öhman A, Cnattingius S, Wieselgren IM, Lindström LH. Prenatal and neonatal risk factors for schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 170: 128–133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichiki M, Kunugi H, Takei N, et al. Intrauterine physical growth in schizophrenia: evidence confirming excess of prematurity at birth. Schizophrenia Research 1999; 36: 43–44
   Google Scholar
• Kunugi H, Takei N, Murray RM, Saito K, Nanko S. Small head circumference at birth in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1996; 20: 165–170
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNeil TF, Cantor‐Graae E, Nordström LG, Rosenlund T. Head circumference in ‐preschizophrenic' and control neonates. British Journal of Psychiatry 1993; 162: 517–523
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bassett AS, Chow EWC, Bury A, et al. Increased head circumference in schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 1996; 40: 1173–1175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nellhaus M. Head circumference from birth to eighteen years. Pediatrics 1968; 41: 106–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohr JB, Flynn K. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia and mood disorders. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1993; 19: 551–556
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McGrath JJ, van Os J, Hoyos C, Jones PB, Harvey I, Murray RM. Minor physical anomalies in psychoses: associations with clinical and putative aaetiological variables. Schizophrenia Research 1995; 18: 9–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNeil TF, Blennow G, Cantor‐Graae E, Persson‐Blennow I, Harty B, Karyd UB. Minor congenital malformations and mental characteristics during childhood: high‐risk and normal‐risk groups. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 1993; 63: 472–480
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNeil TF, Cantor‐Graae E, Nordström LG, Rosenlund T. Are reduced head circumference at birth and increased obstetric complications associated only with schizophrenic psychosis? A comparsion with schizo‐affective and unspecified functional psychosis. Schizophrenia Research 1996; 22: 41–47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNeil TF. Perinatal risk factors and schizophrenia: selective review and methodological concerns. Epidemiologic Review 1995; 17: 107–112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil TF, Sjöström K. The McNeil‐Sjöström scale for obstetric complications. Department of Psychiatry, Lund University, Malmö 1995
   Google Scholar
• Kendell RE, Juszczak E, Cole SK. Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: a case control study based on standardised obstetric records. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996; 168: 556–561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendell RE, McInneny K, Juszczak E, Bain M. Obstetric complications: a reappraisal. Search for the causes of schizophrenia, Vol. IV. Balance of the century, WF Gattaz, H Häfner. Springer, Darmstadt 1999; 121–127
   Google Scholar
• Dalman C, Allebeck P, Köster M, Grunewald C, Cullberg J. Foetal malnutrition as a vulnerability factor for schizophrenia? A longitudinal study based on a national cohort. Schizophrenia Research 1999; 36: 39
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalman C, Allebeck P, Cullberg J, Grunewald C, Köster M. Obstetric complications and the risk of schizophrenia. A longitudinal study of a national birth cohort. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999; 56: 234–240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultman CM, Sparen P, Takei N, Murray RM, Cnattingius S. Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for schizophrenia, affective psychoses of early onset: case‐control study. British Medical Journal 1999; 318: 421–426
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones PB, Rantakallio P, Hartikainen AL, Isohanni M, Sipila P. Schizophrenia as a long‐term outcome of pregnancy, delivery, and perinatal complications: a 28‐year follow‐up of the 1966 north Finland general population birth cohort. American Journal of Psychiatry 1998; 155: 355–364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith GN, Kopala LC, Lapointe JS, et al. Obstetric complications, treatment response and brain morphology in adult‐onset and early‐onset males with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 1998; 28: 645–653
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geddes JR, Lawrie SM. Obstetric complications and schizophrenia: a meta‐analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry 1995; 167: 786–793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geddes JR, Verdoux H, Takei N, et al. Schizophrenia and complications of pregnancy and labour: an individual patient data meta‐analysis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1999; 25: 413–423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdoux H, Geddes, JR, Takei N, et al. Obstetric complications and age at onset in schizophrenia: an international collaborative meta‐analysis of individual patient data. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997; 154: 1220–1227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Done DJ, Johnstone EC, Frith CD, Golding J, Shepherd PM, Crow TJ. Complications of pregnancy and delivery in relation to psychosis in adult life: data from the British perinatal mortality survey sample. British Medical Journal 1991; 302: 1576–1580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buka SL, Goldstein JM, Seidman LJ, Zornberg GL, Denny LR, Tsuang MT. Chronic foetal hypoxia and other obstetric risk factors for psychotic illness: a replication study. Schizophrenia Research 1998; 29: 14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zornberg GL, Buka SL, Tsuang MT. Foetal and neonatal complications and risk of schizophrenia and other nonaffective psychoses: a 19‐year population‐based follow‐up study. Schizophrenia Research 1999; 36: 59
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parnas J, Schulsinger F, Teasdale TW, Schulsinger H, Feldman PM, Mednick SA. Perinatal complications and clinical outcome within the schizophrenia spectrum. British Journal of Psychiatry 1982; 140: 416–420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor‐Graae E, Ismail B, McNeil TF. Are neurological abnormalities in schizophrenic patients and their siblings the result of perinatal trauma?. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2000; 101: 142–147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil TF, Cantor‐Graae E, Weinberg DR. Relationship of obstetric complications and differences in size of brain structures in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 2000; 157: 203–212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon TD, Mednick SA, Parnas J, Schulsinger F, Praestholm J, Vestergaard A. Developmental brain abnormalities in the offspring of schizophrenic mothers. Archives of General Psychiatry 1993; 50: 551–564
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hans SL, Marcus J, Nuechterlein KH, Asarnow RF, Styr B, Auerbach JG. Neurobehavioral deficits at adolescence in children at risk for schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999; 56: 741–748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor‐Graae E, McNeil TF, Rickler KC, et al. Are neurological abnormalities in well discordant monozygotic co‐twins of schizophrenic subjects the result of perinatal trauma?. American Journal of Psychiatry 1994; 151: 1194–1199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil TF, Cantor‐Graae E. Risk factors of schizophrenia with special consideration of prevention: obstetric complications. International Journal of Mental Health 2000, in press
   Google Scholar
• McNeil TF, Cantor‐Graae E. Does preexisting abnormality cause labour‐delivery complications in fetuses who will develop schizophrenia?. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1999; 25: 425–435
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cantor‐Graae E, McNeil TF, Sjöström K, Nordström LG, Rosenlund T. Obstetric complications and their relationship to other aetiological risk factors in schizophrenia: a case‐ control study. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1994; 182: 645–650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Callaghan E, Larkin C, Waddington JL. Obstetric complications in schizophrenia and the validity of maternal recall. Psychological Medicine 1990; 20: 89–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor‐Graae E, Cardenal S, Ismail B, McNeil TF. Recall of obstetric events by mothers of schizophrenic patients. Psychological Medicine 1998; 28: 1239–1243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil TF, Cantor‐Graae E, Sjöström K. Obstetric complications as antecedents of schizophrenia: empirical effects of using different obstetric complication scales. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1994; 28: 519–530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil TF, Cantor‐Graae E, Nordström LG, Rosenlund T. Does choice of scale for scoring obstetric complications influence their relationship to other aetiological risk factors in schizophrenia?. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1997; 185: 27–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasamanick B, Knobloch H. Epidemiologic studies on the complications of pregnancy and the birth process. Prevention of mental disorders in children, G Caplan. Basic Books, New York 1961; 74–94
   Google Scholar
• Allen NB, Lewinsohn PM, Seeley JR. Prenatal and perinatal influences on risk for psychopathology in childhood and adolescence. Development and Psychopathology 1998; 10: 513–529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker DJP, Osmond C, Law CM. The intrauterine and early postnatal origins of cardiovascular disease and chronic bronchitis. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 1989; 43: 237–240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar