Rural/urban differences in the distribution of eating disorder symptoms among adolescents from community samples

References

• Dohrenwend BP, Dohrenwend BS. Psychiatric disorders in urban settings. American handbook of psychiatry. Child and adolescent psychiatry: sociocultural and community psychiatry, G Caplan, S Arieti. Basic Books, New York, NY 1974; 424–449
   Google Scholar
• Mueller DP. The current status of urban–rural differences in psychosocial disorder. An emerging trend for depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 1981; 169: 18–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsella A. Urbanisation and mental health disorders: an overview of theory and research, and recommendations for interventions and research. WHO, Geneva 1992
   Google Scholar
• Harpham T. Urbanization and mental health in developing countries: a research role for social scientists, public health professionals, and social psychiatrists. Soc Sci Med 1994; 39: 233–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehtinen V, Michalak E, Wilkinson C, et al. Urban–rural differences in the occurrence of female depressive disorder in Europe: evidence from the ODIN study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2003; 38: 283–289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J. Rural–urban differences in the prevalence of major depression and associated impairment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2004; 39: 19–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yip PS, Callanan C, Yuen HP. Urban/rural and gender differentials in suicide rates: east and west. J Affect Disord 2000; 57: 99–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Middleton N, Gunnell D, Frankel S, Whitley E, Dorling D. Urban–rural differences in suicide trends in young adults: England and Wales, 1981–1998. Soc Sci Med 2005; 57: 1183–1194
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin KA, Leyland AH. Urban/rural inequalities in suicide in Scotland, 1981–1999. Soc Sci Med 2005; 60: 2877–2890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd F, Cooper A-M, Fraser C, Davis J. Rural suicide: people or place effects?. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2006; 40: 208–216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preti A. The influence of climate on suicidal behavior in Italy. Psychiatry Res 1998; 78: 9–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagenfeld MO. Delivering mental health services to the persistently and seriously mentally ill in frontier areas. J Rural Health 2000; 16: 91–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rost K, Smith GR, Taylor JL. Rural–urban differences in stigma and the use of care for depressive disorders. J Rural Health 1993; 9: 57–62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qin P. Suicide risk in relation to level of urbanicity: a population-based linkage study. Int J Epidemiol 2005; 34: 846–852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd FK, Jackson HJ, Komiti A, Murray G, Hodgins G, Fraser C. High prevalence disorders in urban and rural communities. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2002; 36: 104–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romans-Clarkson SE, Walton VA, Herbison P, Mullen PE. Psychiatric morbidity among women in urban and rural New Zealand: psychosocial correlates. Br J Psychiatry 1990; 156: 85–91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paykel ES, Abbott R, Jenkins R, Brugha TS, Meltzer H. Urban–rural mental health differences in Great Britain: findings from the National Morbidity Survey. Psychol Med 2000; 30: 269–280
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovess-Masféty V, Alonso J, de Graaf R, Demyttenaere K, on behalf of the ESEMeD 2000 Investigators. A European approach to rural–urban differences in mental health: the ESEMeD 2000 comparative study. Can J Psychiatry 2005; 50:926–936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuboki T, Nomura S, Ide M, Suematsu H, Araki S. Epidemiological data on anorexia nervosa in Japan. Psychiatry Res 1996; 62: 11–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhric N. Frequency of presentation of anorexia nervosa in Malaysia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1981; 15: 153–155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathner G, Messner K. Detection of eating disorders in a small rural town: an epidemiological study. Psychol Med 1993; 23: 175–184
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kugu N, Akyuz G, Dogan O, Ersan E, Izgic F. The prevalence of eating disorders among university students and the relationship with some individual characteristics. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2006; 40: 129–135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoek HW, Bartelds AIM, Bosveld JJF et al. Impact of urbanization on detection rates of eating disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:1272–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favaro A, Ferrara S, Santonastaso P. The spectrum of eating disorders in young women: a prevalence study in a general population sample. Psychosom Med 2003; 65: 701–708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Son GE, van Hoek D, Bartelds AIM, van Furth ER, Hoek HW. Urbanisation and the incidence of eating disorders. Br J Psychiatry 2006; 189: 562–563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson RT, Rashed M, Saad-Eldin R. Rural–urban differences in weight, body image, and dieting behavior among adolescent Egyptian schoolgirls. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2003; 54: 1–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kololo H, Woynarowska B. Unfounded dieting among adolescent girls and socio-economic status of their families. Med Wieku Rozw 2004; 8:611–622 [ in Polish].
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Story M, Rosenwinkel K, Himes JH, Resnick M, Harris LJ, Blum RW. Demographic and risk factors associated with chronic dieting in adolescents. Am J Dis Child 1991; 145: 994–998
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mann AH, Wakeling A, Wood K, Monck E., Dobbs R, Szmukler G. Screening for abnormal eating attitudes and psychiatric morbidity in an unselected population of 15-year-old schoolgirls. Psychol Med 1983; 13: 573–580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King MB. The natural history of eating pathology in attenders to primary medical care. Int J Eat Disord 1991; 10: 379–387
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller MN, Verhegge R, Miller BE, Pumaruega AJ. Assessment of risk eating disorders among adolescents in Appalachia. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999; 38: 437–443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz Benavente M, Rodriguez Morilla F, Martin Leal C, Hiruela Benjumea MV. Risk factors related with eating disorders in a community of adolescents. Aten Primaria 2003; 32:403–407 [ in Spanish].
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sjostedt JP, Schumaker JF, Nathawat SS. Eating disorders among Indian and Australian university students. J Soc Psychol 1998; 138: 351–357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szabo CP, Allwood CW. Application of the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) in a rural, Zulu speaking, adolescent population in South Africa. World Psychiatry 2004; 3: 169–171
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Senekal M, Steyn NP, Mashego TB, Nel JH. Evaluation of body shape, eating disorders and weight management parameters in black female students of rural and urban origins. S Afr J Psychol 2001; 31: 45–53
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonat LM, Birmingham CL. Disordered eating attitudes and behaviours in the high-school students of a rural Canadian community. Eat Weight Disord 2004; 9: 285–289
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fairburn CG, Beglin SJ. Studies of the epidemiology of bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 401–408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King MB, Bhugra D. Eating disorders: lesson from a cross-cultural study. Psychol Med 1989; 19: 955–958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eurostat. REGIO database: user's guide, 1999 edn. Brussels: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Bowman RL, Delucia JL. Accuracy of self-reported weight: a meta-analysis. Behav Res Ther 1992; 23: 637–655
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts RJ. Can self-reported data accurately describe the prevalence of overweight?. Public Health 1995; 109: 275–284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith GT, Hohlstein LA, Atlas JG. Accuracy of self-reported weight: covariation with binge or restraint status and eating disorder symptomatology. Addict Behav 1992; 17: 1–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galobardes B, Shaw M, Lawlor DA, Lynch JW, Smith GD. Indicators of socioeconomic position (part 1). J Epidemiol Community Health 2006; 60: 7–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner DM, Garfinkel PE. The Eating Attitudes Test: an index of the symptoms of anorexia nervosa. Psychol Med 1979; 9: 273–279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson M, Freeman CPL. A self-rating scale for bulimia. The ‘BITE’. Br J Psychiatry 1987; 150: 18–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Probst M, Vandereycken W, VanCoppenolle H, Vanderlinden J. The body attitude test for patients with an eating disorder: psychometric characteristics of a new questionnaire. Eat Disord J Treat Prev 1995; 3: 133–144
   Google Scholar
• Derogatis LR. SCL-90-R, administration, scoring, and procedures manual for the R(evised) version. Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore 1977
   Google Scholar
• Favaro A, Santonastaso P. Suicidality in eating disorders: clinical and psychological correlates. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1997; 95: 508–514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miotto P, De Coppi M, Frezza M, Preti A. The spectrum of eating disorders: prevalence in an area of Northeast Italy. Psychiatry Res 2003; 119: 145–154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miotto P, De Coppi M, Frezza M, Preti A. Eating disorders and suicide risk factors in adolescents. An Italian community-based study. J Nerv Ment Dis 2003; 191: 437–443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cronbach LJ. Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 1951; 16: 297–334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers KM, Winters NC. Ten-year update of rating scales, II: scales for internalizing disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41: 634–659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences2nd edn. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ 1988
   Google Scholar
• Dupont WD, Plummer WD, Jr. Power and sample size calculations: a review and computer program. Control Clin Trials 1990; 11: 116–128
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dupont WD, Plummer, WD, Jr. PS. Power sample size calculator. Software. [Accessed 14 May 2006.] http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/twiki/bin/view/Main/PowerSampleSize.
   Google Scholar
• Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol 1986; 51: 1173–1182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon DP, Lockwood CM, Hoffman JM, West SG, Sheets V. A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects. Psychol Methods 2002; 7: 83–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preacher KJ, Hayes AF. SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behav Res Methods Instruments Computers 2004; 36: 717–731
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mooney CZ, Duval RD. Bootstrapping: a nonparametric approach to statistical inference. Sage, Newbury Park, CA 1993
   Google Scholar
• Preacher KJ, Rucker DD, Hayes AF. Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behav Res ( in press).
   Google Scholar
• Muise AM, Stein DG, Arbess G. Eating disorders in adolescent boys: a review of the adolescent and young adult literature. J Adolesc Health 2003; 33: 427–435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson JI, Hiripi E, Pope HG, Jr, Kessler RC. The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61:348–358.
   Google Scholar
• Haustein KO. Smoking and poverty. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2006; 13: 312–318
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hart A, Jr, Tinker L, Bowen DJ, Longton G, Beresford SA. Correlates of fat intake behaviors in participants in the eating for a healthy life study. J Am Diet Assoc 2006; 106: 1605–1613
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Woodward DR, Cumming FJ, Ball PJ, Williams HM, Hornsby H, Boon JA. Urban–rural differences in dietary habits and influences among Australian adolescents. Ecol Food Nutr 2000; 39: 271–292
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gard MC, Freeman CP. The dismantling of a myth: a review of eating disorders and socioeconomic status. Int J Eat Disord 1996; 20: 1–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderman EM. Growing up in an affluent family: unique psychosocial issues for the adolescent. Adolesc Med 2001; 12: 379–388
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rogers L, Resnick MD, Mitchell JE, Blum RW. The relationship between socioeconomic status and eating-disordered behaviors in a community sample of adolescent girls. Int J Eat Disord 1997; 22: 15–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preti A, Incani E, Camboni MV, Petretto DR, Masala C. Sexual abuse and eating disorder symptoms: the mediator role of bodily dissatisfaction. Compr Psychiatry 2006; 47: 475–481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fosse GK, Holen A. Childhood maltreatment in adult female psychiatric outpatients with eating disorders. Eat Behav 2006; 7: 404–409
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hund AR, Espelage DL. Childhood emotional abuse and disordered eating among undergraduate females: mediating influence of alexithymia and distress. Child Abuse Negl 2006; 30: 393–407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson KM, Wonderlich SA, Crosby RD, Mitchell JE. Sexual victimization and adolescent weight regulation practices: a test across three community based samples. Child Abuse Negl 2001; 25: 291–305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton GC, Selzer R, Coffey C, Carlin JB, Wolfe R. Onset of adolescent eating disorders: population based cohort study over 3 years. BMJ 1999; 318: 765–768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairburn CG, Harrison PJ. Eating disorders. Lancet 2003; 361: 407–416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar