Do women express and experience psychosis differently from men? Epidemiological evidence from the Australian National Study of Low Prevalence (Psychotic) Disorders

References

• Jablensky A, Cole S. Is the earlier age at onset of schizophrenia in males a confounded finding?. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 170: 234–240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häfner H, Riecher-Rössler A, an der Heiden W, Maurer K, Fätkenheuer B, Löffler W. Generating and testing a causal explanation of the gender difference in age at first onset of schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1993; 23: 925–940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung A, Chue P. Sex differences in schizophrenia, a review of the literature. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000; 101(Suppl 401)3–38
   Google Scholar
• Castle DJ, Abel K, Takei N, Murray RM. Gender differences in schizophrenia: hormonal effect or subtypes?. Schizophr Bull 1995; 21: 1–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker E, Lewine R. Sampling biases in studies of gender and schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1993; 19: 1–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beiser M, Erickson D, Fleming J, Iacono W. Establishing the onset of psychotic illness. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 1349–1354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folnegovic Z, Folnegovic-(malc V. Schizophrenia in Croatia: age at onset of differences between males and females. Schizophr Res 1994; 14: 83–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendler K, Walsh D. Gender and schizophrenia. Results of an epidemiologically-based family study. Br J Psychiatry 1995; 167: 184–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cernovsky ZZ, Landmark JA, O'Reilly RL. Symptom patterns in schizophrenia for men and women. Psychol Rep 1997; 80(3 Pt 2)1267–1271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murthy G, Janakiramaiah N, Gangadhar B, Subbakrishna D. Sex differences in age at onset of schizophrenia: discrepant findings from India. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1998; 97: 321–325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häfner H, an der Heiden W, Behrens S, et al. Causes and consequences of the gender difference in age at onset of schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1998; 24: 99–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castle D, Murray R. The epidemiology of late-onset schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1993; 19: 691–700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alda M, Ahrens B, Lit W, et al. Age of onset in familial and sporadic schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996; 93: 447–450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gur R, Petty R, Turetsky B, Gur R. Schizophrenia throughout life: sex differences in severity and profile of symptoms. Schizophr Res 1996; 21: 1–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlashan T, Bardenstein K. Gender differences in affective, schizoaffective and schizophrenic disorders. Schizophr Bull 1990; 16: 319–329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein J, Link B. Gender and the expression of schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 1988; 22: 141–155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartorius N, Jablensky A, Shapiro R. Cross-cultural differences in the short-term prognosis of schizophrenic psychoses. Schizophr Bull 1978; 4: 102–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein J. Gender differences in the course of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145: 684–689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornicroft G, Leese M, Tansella M, et al. Gender differences in living with schizophrenia. A cross-sectional European multi-site study. Schizophr Res 2002; 57: 191–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardenstein K, McGlashan T. Gender differences in affective, schizoaffective and schizophrenic disorders. A review. Schizophr Res 1990; 3: 159–172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston N, Orr K, Date R, Nolan L, Castle D. Gender differences in premorbid adjustment of patients with first episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2002; 55: 285–290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewine R. Sex: an imperfect marker of gender. Schizophr Bull 1994; 20: 777–779
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieger N. Genders, sexes, and health: what are the connections – and why does it matter?. Int J Epidemiol 2003; 32: 652–657
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jablensky A, McGrath J, Herrman H, et al. Psychotic disorders in urban areas: An overview of the methods and findings of the Study on Low Prevalence Disorders, National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing 1996–1998. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2000; 34: 221–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castle D, Jablensky A, McGrath J, et al. The Diagnostic Interview for Psychoses (DIP): development, reliability and applications. Psychol Med 2006; 36: 69–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGuffin PC, Farmer A, Harvey I. A polydiagnostic application of operational criteria in studies of psychotic illness. Development and reliability of the OPCRIT system. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 764–770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verdoux H, Takei N, Cassou de Saint-Mathurin R, Bourgeois M. Analysis of the seasonal variation of schizophrenia births using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov type statistic. Eur Psychiatry 1997; 12: 111–116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marini E, Racugno W, Borgognini Tarli S. Univariate estimates of sexual dimorphism: the effects of intrasexual variability. Am J Physical Anthropol 1999; 109: 501–508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jablensky A, Morgan V, Zubrick S, Bower C, Yellachich L. Pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal complications in a population cohort of women with schizophrenia and major affective disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2005; 162: 79–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Seeman M, Lang M. The role of estrogens in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1990; 16: 185–194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones SR, Fernyhough C. A new look at the neural diathesis stress model of schizophrenia: the primacy of social-evaluative and uncontrollable situations. Schizophr Bull 2007; 33: 1171–1177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. WHA60.25 Integrating gender analysis and actions into the work of WHO: draft strategy. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Integrating gender perspectives in the work of WHO. WHO gender policy. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Riecher-Rössler A, Häfner H. Gender aspects in schizophrenia: bridging the border between social and biological psychiatry. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000; 102(Suppl 407)58–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar