Changing utilization of pro re nata (‘as needed’) sedation in a child and adolescent psychiatric inpatient unit

References

• Thomas CP, Conrad P, Casler R, Goodman E. Trends in the use of psychotropic medications among adolescents, to 2001. Psychiatr Serv ; 57 1994; 2006: 63–69
   Google Scholar
• Zito JM, Safer DJ, DosReis S, et al. Psychotropic practice patterns for youth: a 10-year perspective. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003; 157: 17–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medco Health Solutions (September, 2008) Medco study reveals pediatric spending spike on drugs to treat behavioral problems. Medco Health Solutions, 2004. [ cited 23 .] Available from URL: http://medco.mediaroom.com/index.php?s = 43&item = 158.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper WO, Hickson GB, Fuchs C, Arbogast PG, Ray WA. New users of antipsychotic medications among children enrolled in TennCare. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2004; 158: 753–759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olfson M, Marcus SC, Weissman MM, Jensen PS. National trends in the use of psychotropic medications by children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41: 514–521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zito JM, Safer DJ, DosReis S, et al. Rising prevalence of antidepressants among US youths. Pediatrics 2002; 109: 721–727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lekhwani M, Nair C, Nikhinson I, Ambrosini PJ. Psychotropic prescription practices in child psychiatric inpatients 9 years old and younger. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2004; 14: 95–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitiello B, Ricciuti AJ, Behar D. P.R.N. medications in child state hospital inpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 1987; 48: 351–354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein-Parbury J, Reid K, Smith N, Mouhanna D, Lamont F. Use of pro re nata medications in acute inpatient care. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2008; 42: 283–292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan SL, Busner J. The use of prn and stat medication in three child psychiatric inpatient settings. Psychopharmacol Bull 1997; 33: 161–164
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dean AJ, McDermott BM, Marshall RT. PRN sedation: patterns of prescribing and administration in a child and adolescent mental health inpatient service. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 15: 277–281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis J, Capp K. Administration of ‘as needed’ psychotropic medication: a retrospective study. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2003; 12: 229–234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usher K, Luck L. Psychotropic PRN: a model for best practice management of acute psychotic behavioural disturbance in inpatient psychiatric settings. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2004; 13: 18–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thapa PB, Palmer SL, Owen RR, Huntley AL, Clardy JA, Miller LH. P.R.N. (as-needed) orders and exposure of psychiatric inpatients to unnecessary psychotropic medications. Psychiatr Serv 2003; 54: 1282–1286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean AJ, Duke SG, George M, Scott J. Behavioral management leads to reduction in aggression in a child and adolescent psychiatric inpatient unit. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007; 46: 711–720
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas B, Jones M, Johns P, Trauer T. P.r.n. medication use in a psychiatric high-dependency unit following the introduction of a nurse-led activity programme. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2006; 15: 266–271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connell DL, Henry D, Tomlins R. Randomised controlled trial of effect of feedback on general practitioners’ prescribing in Australia. BMJ 1999; 318: 507–511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mugford M, Banfield P, O'Hanlon M. Effects of feedback of information on clinical practice: a review. BMJ 1991; 303: 398–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamtvedt G, Young JM, Kristoffersen DT, O'Brien MA, Oxman AD. Does telling people what they have been doing change what they do? A systematic review of the effects of audit and feedback. Qual Saf Health Care 2006; 15: 433–436
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forster PL, Buckley R, Phelps MA. Phenomenology and treatment of psychotic disorders in the psychiatric emergency service. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1999; 22: 735–754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dean AJ, McDermott BM, Marshall RT. Psychotropic medication utilization in a child and adolescent mental health service. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2006; 16: 273–285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler A, Kairuz T, Sheridan J, McPhee E. Sedative-hypnotic treatment in an acute psychiatric setting: comparison with best practice guidance. Pharm World Sci 2007; 29: 603–610
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petti TA, Stigler KA, Gardner-Haycox J, Dumlao S. Perceptions of P.R.N. psychotropic medications by hospitalized child and adolescent recipients. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003; 42: 434–441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters KJ, Bellonci C, Bernet W, et al. Practice parameter for the prevention and management of aggressive behavior in child and adolescent psychiatric institutions, with special reference to seclusion and restraint. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002; 41: 4S–25S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies SJ, Lennard MS, Ghahramani P, Pratt P, Robertson A, Potokar J. PRN prescribing in psychiatric inpatients: potential for pharmacokinetic drug interactions. J Psychopharmacol 2007; 21: 153–160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barzman DH, DelBello MP, Forrester JJ, Keck PE, Jr, Strakowski SM. A retrospective chart review of intramuscular ziprasidone for agitation in children and adolescents on psychiatric units: prospective studies are needed. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2007; 17: 503–509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis J, Baker JA, Reid AR. Exploration of therapeutic interventions that accompany the administration of p.r.n. (‘as required’) psychotropic medication within acute mental health settings: a retrospective study. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2007; 16: 318–326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell PS, George C, Mammen P. Predictive factors for polypharmacy among child and adolescent psychiatry inpatients. Clin Pract Epidemol Ment Health 2006; 2: 25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar