Clinical management of parasuicides: Critical issues in the 1990s

References

• Diekstra R FW. Toward a comprehensive strategy for the prevention of suicidal behaviour: A summary of recommendations of national task forces. Crisis 1988; 9: 119–129
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cantor C H. Issues of suicide prevention - “You cannot counsel the dead”. Presented at: Preventing youth suicide conference. Australian Institute of Criminology, Adelaide 1990
   Google Scholar
• Myers J B, Smith A J, Elliott R L, MacAskill P. Self-poisoning with drugs. Medical Journal of Australia 1981; 2: 402–405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessel N, McCulloch W. Repeated acts of self-poisoning and self injury. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1966; 59: 89–92
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buglass D, Horton J. The repetition of parasuicide: A comparison of three cohorts. British Journal of Psychiatry 1974; 125: 168–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton K, Fagg J. Suicide and other causes of death, following attempted suicide. British Journal of Psychiatry 1988; 152: 359–366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ettlinger R. Evaluation of suicide prevention after attempted suicide. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica 1975, Supplementum 260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekeberg O, Ellingsen O, Jacobsen D. Suicide and other causes of death in a five year follow up of patients treated for self-poisoning in Oslo. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica 1991; 83: 432–437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suokas J, Lonnqvist J. Outcome of attempted suicide and psychiatric consultation: risk factors and suicide mortality during a five year follow up. Acta psychiatrica Scandanavica 1991; 84: 545–549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner R, Hanka R, O'Brien V C, Page J F, Rees R. Psychological and social evaluation in cases of deliberate self-poisoning admitted to a general hospital. British Medical Journal 1977; 2: 1567–1570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner R, Hanka R, Evison B, Mountford P M, O'Brien V C, Roberts S J. Consultation-liaison scheme for self-poisoned patients in a general hospital. British Medical Journal 1978; 2: 1392–1394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake D R, Bramble M G. Self-poisoning: Psychiatric assessment by junior staff. British Medical Journal 30th June, 1979; 1763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catalan J, Mausack P, Hawton K E, Whitwell D, Fagg J, Bancroft J HJ. Comparison of doctors and nurses in the assessment of deliberate self-poisoning patients. Psychological Medicine 1980; 10: 483–491
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newson-Smith J GB, Hirsch S R. Psychiatric symptoms in self-poisoning patients. Psychological Medicine 1979; 9: 493–500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health and Scottish Home and Health Department. Hospital treatment of self-poisoning. Report of the joint subcommittees of the standing medical advisory committees. London, HMSO 1968
   Google Scholar
• Editorial. Overdose - will psychiatrist please see?. Lancet January 24th, 1981; 195–196
   Google Scholar
• Chowdhury N, Hickes R C, Kreitman N. Evaluation of an aftercare service for parasuicide (attempted suicide) patients. Social Psychiatry 1973; 8: 67–81
   Google Scholar
• Motto J A, Heilbron D C, Juster R P, Bostrom A G. Communication as a suicide prevention program. Depression et Suicide 1981; 148–154
   Google Scholar
• Gibbons J S, Butler J, Urwin P, Gibbons J L. Evaluation of a social work service for self poisoning patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 1978; 133: 111–118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberman R P, Eckman T. Behaviour therapy vs insight-oriented therapy for repeated suicide attempts. Archives of General Psychiatry 1981; 38: 1126–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton K, Bancroft J, Catalan J, Kingston B, Stedeford A, Welch N. Domiciliary and outpatient treatment of self-poisoning patients by medical and non-medical staff. Psychological Medicine 1981; 11: 169–177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton K, McKeown S, Martin P, O'Connor M, Yule J. Evaluation of outpatient counselling compared with general practitioner care following overdoses. Psychological Medicine 1987; 17: 751–761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moller H J, Burke F, Kurz A, Torhorst C, Walchtler C, Lauter H. An empirical study of different aftercare strategies for patients who attempted suicide. The effect of psychotherapy on compliance and outcome. Psychological treatment of mental illness, R J Daly, E A Sand. Springer-Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg 1987; 67–75
   Google Scholar
• Motto J A. After the suicidal crisis; continuing opportunities for suicide prevention. Presented at: XVI International Association for Suicide Prevention, Hamburg, 1991
   Google Scholar
• Welu T C. Follow-up program for suicide attempters: evaluation of effectiveness. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 1977; 7: 17–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moller H J. Efficacy of different strategies of aftercare for patients who have attempted suicide. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1989; 82: 643–647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner I W. The effectiveness of a suicide prevention program. Mental Hygiene 1969; 53: 357–363
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bridge T P, Potkin S G, Zung W WK, Soldo E J. Suicide prevention centres - ecological study of effectiveness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1977; 164: 18–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walk D. Suicide and community care. British Journal of Psychiatry 1967; 113: 1381–1391
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neilson J, Videbech T. Suicide frequency before and after introduction of community psychiatry in a Danish island. British Journal of Psychiatry 1973; 123: 395–399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasser M, Amdur M J, Baekstrand J. The impact of psychotherapists and primary physicians on suicide and other violent deaths in a rural area. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 1985; 30: 195–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pokorny A D. Prediction of suicide in psychiatric patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 1983; 40: 249–257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein R B, Black D W, Nasrallah A, Winkur G. The prediction of suicide. Archives of General Psychiatry 1991; 48: 418–422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furst J, Huffine C L. Assessing vulnerability to suicide. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior 1991; 21: 329–344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Egmond M, Diekstra R FW. The predicability of suicidal behaviour: the results of a meta-analysis of published studies. Crisis 1990; 11: 57–84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldney R D, Spence N D. Editorial comment: Is suicide predictable?. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 21: 3–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton K. Assessment of suicide risk. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987; 150: 145–153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath J. A survey of deliberate self-poisoning. Medical Journal of Australia 1989; 150: 317–324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman M M. The epidemiology of suicide attempts 1960–1971. Archives of General Psychiatry 1974; 30: 737–746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldney R D, Pilowsky I. Depression in young women who have attempted suicide. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1980; 14: 203–211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urwin P, Gibbons J L. Psychiatric diagnosis in self poisoning patients. Psychological Medicine 1979; 501–507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallis D, Birtchnell J. Seriousness of suicide attempt in relation to personality. British Journal of Psychiatry 1977; 130: 253–259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis A T. Short-term course of depression following attempted suicide: A preliminary report. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica 1990; 81: 345–351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosky R. Is suicidal behaviour increasing among Australian youth?. Medical Journal of Australia 1987; 147: 164–166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skegg K, Cox B. Suicide in New Zealand 1957–1986: The influence of age period and birth-cohort. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1991; 25: 181–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marttunen M J, Hillevi M A, Henriksson M M, Lonqvist J K. Mental disorders in adolescent suicide. Archives of General Psychiatry 1991; 48: 834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffi M, Stetz-Lenarsky J, Derrick A M, Beckner C, Whittinghill J R. Comorbidity of mental disorders in the postmortem diagnosis of completed suicide in children and adolescents. Journal of Affective Disorders 1988; 15: 277–333
   Google Scholar
• Brent D A, Perper J A, Goldstein C E, Kolko D J, Allan M J, Allman C J, Zelenak J P. Risk factors for adolescent suicide: a comparison of adolescent suicide victims with suicidal inpatients. Archives of General Psychiatry 1988; 45: 581–588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich C L, Young D, Fowler R C. San Diego suicide study. 1: Young vs old subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry 1986; 43: 577–582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runeson B. Mental disorder in youth suicide. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica 1989; 79: 490–497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allbreck P, Allgulander C. Suicide among young men: Psychiatric illness, deviant behaviour and substance abuse. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica 1990; 81: 565–570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaffer D, Garland A, Gould M, Fisher P, Trautman P. Preventing teenage suicide: a critical review. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 1988; 27: 675–687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagnell O, Lanke J, Rorsman B, Ojesjo L. Are we entering an age of melancholy. Depressive illness in a prospective epidiological study over 25 years. The Lundby Study, Sweden. Psychological Medicine 1982; 12: 279–289
   Google Scholar
• Roberts J, Hawton K. Child abuse and attempted suicide. British Journal of Psychiatry 1980; 137: 319–323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton K, Roberts J, Goodwin G. The risk of child abuse among mothers who attempt suicide. British Journal of Psychiatry 1985; 146: 486–489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deykin E Y, Alpert J J, McNamarra J J. A pilot study of the effect of exposure to child abuse on neglect on adolescent suicidal behaviour. American Journal of Psychiatry 1985; 142: 1299–1303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green A H. Self-destructive behaviour in battered children. American Journal of Psychiatry 1978; 135: 579–582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor E A, Stansfeld S A. Children who poison themselves. 1. A clinical comparison with psychiatric controls. 2. Prediction of attendance for treatment. British Journal of Psychiatry 1984; 145: 127–135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer C R. Family characteristics and support systems as risk factors for youth suicidal behaviour. Presented at the Department of Health and Human Services secretary's task force on youth suicide, Bethesda, Maryland, 1986
   Google Scholar
• Barraclough B, Bunch J, Nelson B, Salisbury P. A hundred cases of suicide: Clinical aspects. British Journal of Psychiatry 1974; 125: 355–373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy G E. The physician's responsibility for suicide: 11 Errors of omission. Annals of Internal Medicine 1975; 82: 305–309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry J A. A fatal toxicity for antidepressant poisoning. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica 1989; 80(Supplementum 354)37–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer R DT, Pinder R M. Why do fatal overdose rates vary between antidepressants?. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica 1989; 80(Supplementum 354)25–35
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montgomery S A, Baldwin D, Green M. Why do amitriptyline and dothiepin appear to be so dangerous in overdose?. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica 1989; 80: 47–53, Supplementum 354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Retterstol N. Norwegian data on death due to overdose of antidepressants. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica 1989; 80(Supplementum 354)61–68
   Google Scholar
• Vuori E, Ruohonen A, Penttila A, Klaukka T, Lahti T. Fatal poisonings with antidepressants in Finland 1985–1987. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica 1989; 80: 55–60, Supplementum 354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles C P. Conditions predisposing to suicide: A review. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1977; 164: 231–246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjarnason O. Association between changes in psychiatric services and increases in suicide rates. Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 1982; 232: 15–23
   Google Scholar
• Drake R, Gates C, Cotton P, Whittaker A. Suicide among schizophrenics. Who is at risk? Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1984; 172: 613–617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy A. Risk factors for suicide in psychiatric patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 1982; 30: 1089–1095
   Google Scholar
• Cantor C H, Burnett P C, Quinn J, Nizette D, Brook C. Suicide and community psychiatric care - a preliminary report. Acta Psychiatrica Scandanavica 1992; 85: 229–233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adam K S. Environmental, psychological and psychoanalytical aspects of suicidal behaviour. Suicide over the life cycle, S J Blumenthal, D J Kupfer. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1990
   Google Scholar
• Bunch J, Barraclough B, Nelson B, Sainsbury P. Suicide following bereavement of parents. Social Psychiatry 1971; 6: 193–199
   Google Scholar
• Paykel E S. Life stress and psychiatric disorder: Applications of the clinical approach. Stressful life events: Trait nature and effects, B S Dohrenwend, B P Dohrenwend. Wiley, New York 1974
   Google Scholar
• Beck A T, Kovacs M, Weissman A S. Hopelessness and suicidal behaviour: an overview. Journal of the American Medical Association 1975; 234: 1146–1149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck A T, Lester D, Albert N. Suicidal wishes and symptoms of depression. Psychological Reports 1973; 33: 770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck A T. Hopelessness as a predictor of eventual suicide, in psychobiology of suicide behaviour, J J Mann, M Stanley. Annals of the New York Academy of Science. 1986; Vol. 487
   Google Scholar
• Drake R E, Cotton P G. Depression, hopelessness, and suicide in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1986; 148: 554–559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weishar M A, Beck A T. Cognitive approaches to understanding and treating suicidal behaviour. Suicide over the life cycle, S J Blumenthal, D J Kupper. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1990; 469–498
   Google Scholar
• Linehan M M, Goodstein J L, Nielsen, et al. Reasons for staying alive when you are thinking of killing yourself. The reasons for living inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1983; 51: 276–286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyke M J. Positive and negative attitudes mediating suicidal ideation. Suicidal and Life Threatening Behavior 1991; 21: 360–373
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar