Floral nectar versus honey dew as food for wasp parasitoids: implications for pest management in eucalypt plantations

References

• Abbott , I. 1993 . Minimising insect pests in eucalypt plantations: a review in the context of the concepts of optimal area, polycultures and patchiness. . Australian Forestry , 56 : 385 – 390 .
   Google Scholar
• Baggen , L. R. , Gurr , G. M. and Meats , A. 1999 . Flowers in tri-trophic systems: mechanisms allowing selective exploitation by insect natural enemies for conservation biological control. . Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata , 91 : 155 – 161 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elek , J. A. , Steinbauer , M. J. , Beveridge , N. and Ebner , P. 2003 . The efficacy of high and low volume spray applications of Mimic® (tebufenozide) for managing autumn gum moth larvae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in eucalypt plantations. . Agricultural and Forest Entomology , 5 : 325 – 332 .
   Google Scholar
• Engel , V. , Fischer , M. K. , Wäckers , F. L. and Völkl , W. 2001 . Interactions between extrafloral nectaries, aphids and ants: are there competition effects between plant and homopteran sugar sources? . Oecologia , 129 : 577 – 584 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott , H. J. , Bashford , R. , Greener , A. and Candy , S. G. 1992 . Integrated pest management of the Tasmanian Eucalyptus leaf-feeding beetle Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). . Forest Ecology and Management , 53 : 29 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott , H. J. , Ohmart , C. P. and Wylie , F. R. 1998 . Insect Pests of Australian Forests: Ecology and Management. Melbourne : Inkata Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gauld , I. D. 1984 . An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. London : British Museum (Natural History) .
   Google Scholar
• Gullan , P. J. and Vranjic , J. A. 1991 . The taxonomy of the gum tree scales Eriococcus confusus Maskell and E. coriaceus Maskell (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). . General and Applied Entomology , 23 : 21 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Idris , A. B. and Grafius , E. 1995 . Wildflowers as nectar sources for Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasitoid of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). . Environmental Entomology , 24 : 1726 – 1735 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irvin , N. A. , Wratten , S. D. and Frampton , C. M. 2000 . Hymenoptera: Evolution, Biodiversity and Biological Control. Edited by: Austin , A. D. and Dowton , M. 396 – 403 . Collingwood : CSIRO Publishing . Understorey management for the enhancement of the leafroller parasitoid Dolichogenidea tasmanica (Cameron) in orchards at Canterbury, New Zealand. In
   Google Scholar
• Jervis , M. A. , Kidd , N. A.C. , Fitton , M. G. , Huddleston , T. and Dawah , H. A. 1993 . Flower-visiting by hymenopteran parasitoids. . Journal of Natural History , 27 : 67 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landis , D. A. , Wratten , S. D. and Gurr , G. M. 2000 . Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture. . Annual Review of Entomology , 45 : 175 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , W. J. , Stapel , J. O. , Cortesero , A. M. and Takasu , K. 1998 . Understanding how parasitoids balance food and host needs: importance to biological control. . Biological Control , 11 : 175 – 183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukacs , Z. 1999 . “ Phenology of autumn gum moth ” . In Mnesampela privata (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). PhD thesis, University of Tasmania. 252 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Mensah , R. K. and Madden , J. L. 1994 . Conservation of two predator species for biological control of Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Col.: Chrysomelidae) in Tasmanian forests. . Entomophaga , 39 : 71 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• National Forest Inventory . 2002 . National Plantation Inventory Tabular Report — March 2002. Bureau of Rural Sciences, Canberra.
   Google Scholar
• Naumann , I. D. and Steinbauer , M. J. 2001 . Egg parasitoids of Australian Coreidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). . Australian Journal of Entomology , 40 : 9 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Schumacher , R. K. , Austin , A. D. and Floyd , R. B. 2000 . Parasitoids of the autumn gum moth, Mnesampela privata (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), in south-eastern Australia, with description of two new larval parasitoids. . Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia , 124 : 1 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Short , J. R.T. 1981 . The final-instar larvae of two Anomaloninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from Australia. . Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales , 105 : 237 – 240 .
   Google Scholar
• Short , M. W. , Schmidt , S. and Lukacs , Z. 2002 . Parasitisation rates of some parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of the autumn gum moth (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). . Australian Entomologist , 29 : 69 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Steinbauer , M. J. 1996 . A note on manna feeding by ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). . Journal of Natural History , 30 : 1185 – 1192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbauer , M. J. and Clarke , A. R. 1995 . Xenoencyrtus hemipterus (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), an egg parasitoid of Coreidae (Hemiptera) in Tasmania. . Journal of the Australian Entomological Society , 34 : 63 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Steinbauer , M. J. , McQuillan , P. B. and Young , C. J. 2001 . Life history and behavioural traits of Mnesampela privata that exacerbate population responses to eucalypt plantations: comparisons with Australian and outbreak species of forest geometrid from the northern hemisphere. . Austral Ecology , 26 : 525 – 534 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss , S. Y. 2001 . Benefits and risks of biotic exchange between Eucalyptus plantations and native Australian forests. . Austral Ecology , 26 : 447 – 457 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar