Biology of Chrysophtharta agricola (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae), a pest of Eucalyptus plantations in south-eastern Australia

References

• Bain , J. and Kay , M. K. 1989 . A Review of Biological Control of Pests and Weeds in New Zealand 1874 to 1987. Edited by: Cameron , P. J. , Hill , R. L. , Bain , J. and Thomas , W. P. 28 – 34 . Wallingford : CAB International . Paropsis charybdis Stal, eucalyptus tortoise beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). In
   Google Scholar
• Baly , J. S. 1862 . Descriptions of the species belonging to the genus . Paropsis. Journal of Entomology , 2 : 291 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Bashford , R. 1993 . Insect pest problems of eucalypt plantations in Australia 4. . Tasmania. Australian Forestry , 56 : 375 – 377 .
   Google Scholar
• Bashford , R. 1999 . Prédation by ladybird beetles (coccinellids) on immature stages of the Eucalyptus leaf beetle Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier). . Tasforests , 11 : 77 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Beveridge , N. and Elek , J. A. 2001 . Insect and host-tree species influence the effectiveness of a Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. tenebrionis-based insecticide for controlling chrysomelid leaf beetles. . Australian Journal of Entomology , 40 : 386 – 390 .
   Google Scholar
• Blackburn , T. 1899 . Revision of the genus Paropsis Part V. . Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales , 24 : 482 – 521 .
   Google Scholar
• Brooker , M. I.H. and Klenig , D. A. 1999 . Field Guide to Eucalypts. Volume I: South-eastern Australia. Bloomings Books, Hawthorn. 353 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Burdon , J. J. and Chilvers , G. A. 1974 . Fungal and insect parasites contributing to niche differentiation in mixed stands of eucalypt saplings. . Australian Journal of Botany , 22 : 103 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carne , P. B. 1966 . Ecological characteristics of the eucalypt-defoliating chrysomelid Paropsis atomaria Ol. . Australian Journal of Zoology , 14 : 647 – 672 .
   Google Scholar
• Chapman , R. F. 1998 . The Insects: Structure and Function. Cambridge , , UK : Cambridge University Press . New York. 770
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , A. R. , Shohet , D. , Patel , V. S. and Madden , J. L. 1998a . Overwintering sites of Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in commercially managed Eucalyptus obliqua forests. . Australian Journal of Entomology , 37 : 149 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Clarke , A. R. , Paterson , S. C. and Steinbauer , M. J. 1998b . Larval trapping as a means of sampling Paropsina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from Eucalyptus forests. . The Coleopterists Bulletin , 52 : 253 – 258 .
   Google Scholar
• Collett , N. 2001 . Insect Pests of Young Eucalypt Plantations. Agriculture Notes 6, December 2001. Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Heidelberg, Victoria.
   Google Scholar
• Congdon , B. C. , Lange , C. L. and Clarke , A. R. 1997 . Geographic variation and gene flow in the eucalyptus defoliating beetle Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). . Journal of Applied Ecology , 34 : 1287 – 1292 .
   Google Scholar
• Cox , M. L. 1994a . “ The Hymenoptera and Díptera parasitoids of Chrysomelidae. ” . Edited by: Jolivet , P. H. , Cox , M. L. and Petitpierre , E. 419 – 467 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers . Novel Aspects of the Biology of Chrysomelidae. and Boston, Series Entomologica 50
   Google Scholar
• Cox , M. L. 1994b . “ Egg bursters in the Chrysomelidae, with a review of their occurence in the Chrysomeloidea (Coleoptera). ” . Edited by: Jolivet , PH. , Cox , M. L. and Petitpierre , E. 76 – 109 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers . Novel Aspects of the Biology of Chrysomelidae. and Boston, Series Entomologica 50
   Google Scholar
• Cox , M. L. 1996 . “ Insect predators of Chrysomelidae. ” . In Chrysomelidae Biology Volume Edited by: Jolivet , P. H. and Cox , M. L. 23 – 91 . Amsterdam : SPB Academic Publishing . 2: Ecological Studies
   Google Scholar
• Cumpston , M. 1939 . Observations of the bionomics and morphology of seven species of the tribe Paropsini (Chrysomelidae). . Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales , 64 : 353 – 366 .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , M. 1966 . “ Neurosecretion ” . In Chrysophtharta bimaculata. Honours thesis, Zoology, University of Tasmania. 170 pp.
   Google Scholar
• de Little , D. W. 1979 . “ Taxonomic and ecological studies of the Tasmanian ” . In Eucalyptus defoliating paropsids. PhD thesis. Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania. 492 pp.
   Google Scholar
• de Little , D. W. 1982 . Field parasitisation of larval populations of the Eucalyptus-defoliating leaf-beetle, Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). . General Applied Entomology , 14 : 3 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• de Little , D. W. 1983 . Life-cycle and aspects of the biology of Tasmanian eucalyptus leaf beetle, Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Oliver) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). . Journal of the Australian Entomological Society , 22 : 15 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• de Little , D. W. 1989 . Paropsine chrysomelid attack on plantations of Eucalyptus nitens in Tasmania. . New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science , 19 : 223 – 227 .
   Google Scholar
• de Little , D. W. and Madden , J. L. 1975 . Host preference in the Tasmanian eucalypt defoliating paropsini (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) with particular reference to Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Oliver) and Chrysophtharta agricola (Chapuis). . Journal of the Australian Entomological Society , 14 : 387 – 394 .
   Google Scholar
• de Little , D. W. , Elliott , H. J. , Madden , J. L. and Bashford , R. 1990 . Stage-specific mortality in two field populations of immature Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Oliver) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). . Journal of the Australian Entomological Society , 29 : 51 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , P. B. 1982 . Do waxes on juvenile Eucalyptus leaves provide protection from grazing insects? . Australian Journal of Ecology , 7 : 347 – 352 .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , P. B. and Wanjura , W. J. 1990 . Physical attributes of eucalypt leaves and the host range of chrysomelid beetles. . Symposia Biologica Hungariaca , 39 : 227 – 236 .
   Google Scholar
• Elek , J. A. 1997 . Assessing the impact of leaf beetles in eucalypt plantations and exploring options for their management. . Tasforests , 9 : 139 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Elek , J. A. , Beveridge , N. and Ramsden , N. 2001 . Biotechnology of Bacillus thuringiensis and its Environmental Impact. Edited by: Akhurst , R. J. , Beard , C. E. and Hughes , P. 195 – 199 . Canberra , , Australia : CSIRO . Bacillus thuringiensis spray formulations have potential for environmentally friendly management of insect pests in eucalypt plantations. In
   Google Scholar
• Elliott , H. J. , Bashford , R. , Greener , A. and Candy , S. G. 1992 . Integrated pest management of the Tasmanian Eucalyptus beetle, Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Oliver) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). . Forest Ecology and Management , 53 : 29 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott , H. J. , Bashford , R. and Greener , A. 1993 . Effects of defoliation by the leaf beetle, Chrysophtharta bimaculata on growth of Eucalyptus regnans plantations in Australia. . Australian Forestry , 56 : 22 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Elliott , H. J. , Ohmart , C. P. and Wylie , F. R. 1998 . “ Leaf beetles. ” . In Insect Pests of Australian Forests: Ecology and Management. Edited by: Elliott , H. J. , Ohmart , C. P. and Wylie , F. R. 66 – 72 . Melbourne : Inkata Press .
   Google Scholar
• Greaves , R. 1966 . Insect defoliation of eucalypt regrowth in the Florentine Valley, Tasmania. . Appita , 19 : 119 – 126 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harcourt , R. L. , Llewellyn , D. , Morton , R. , Dennis , E. S. and Peacock , W. J. 1996 . Effectiveness of purified Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner insecticidal proteins in controlling three insect pests of Australian eucalypt plantations. . Journal of Economic Entomology , 89 : 1392 – 1398 .
   Google Scholar
• Harcourt , R. L. , Kyozuka , J. , Floyd , R. B. , Bateman , K. S. , Tanaka , H. , Decroocq , V. , Llewellyn , D. J. , Zhu , X. , Peacock , W. J. and Dennis , E. S. 2000 . Insect-and herbicide-resistant transgenic eucalypts. . Molecular Breeding , 6 : 307 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilker , M. 1994 . “ Egg deposition and protection of eggs in Chrysomelidae. ” . In Novel Aspects of the Biology of Chrysomelidae. Edited by: Jolivet , PH. , Cox , M. L. and Petitpierre , E. 263 – 276 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers . and Boston, Series Entomologica 50
   Google Scholar
• Howlett , B. G. 2000 . “ Oviposition site selection by the eucalypt herbivore ” . In Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and the implications for larval establishment. PhD thesis, School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania. 301 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Kelly , P. G. and Reid , C. A.M. 1999 . Designation of type species for the genera of Australian paropsine beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). . Memoirs of Museum Victoria , 57 : 263 – 266 .
   Google Scholar
• Kliejunas , J. T. , Burdsall , H. H. Jr. , de Nitto , G. A. , Eglitis , ?. , Haugen , D. A. , Haverty , M. I. , Micales , J. A. , Tkacz , B. M. and Powell , M. R. 2003 . Pest Risk Assessment of the Importation into the United States of Unprocessed Logs and Chips of Eighteen Eucalypt Species from Australia. General Technical Report, FPL-GTR-137, Madison, WI USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 206 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , R. 1998 . The response of dependent communities to ontogenetic and genetic change in Eucalyptus: the case of the Eucalyptus globulus x nitens hybrid system, Honours thesis. School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania. 86
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence , R. , Potts , B. M. and Whitham , T. G. 2003 . Relative importance of plant ontogeny, host genetic variation and leaf age for a common herbivore. . Ecology , 84 : 1171 – 1178 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon , A. 1989 . The Tasmanian Eucalyptus leaf beetle, Chrysophtharta bimaculata: an overview of the problem and current control methods. . Tasforests , 1 : 33 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Li , H. 1993 . “ Phytochemistry of ” . In Eucalyptus spp. and its role in insect—host-tree selection. PhD thesis. School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania. 475 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Lowman , M. D. and Heatwole , H. 1987 . The impact of defoliating insects on the growth of eucalypt saplings. . Australian Journal of Ecology , 12 : 175 – 181 .
   Google Scholar
• Mensah , R. K. and Madden , J. L. 1994 . Conservation of two predator species for biological control of Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Tasmanian forests. . Entomophaga , 39 : 71 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Mo , I. H. and Farrow , R. A. 1993 . Estimation and correction of egg mortality rates from simple data of two coexisting leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Paropsini). . Journal of the Australian Entomological Society , 32 : 85 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , B. P. 1967 . Hydrogen cyanide in the defensive secretions of larval Paropsini (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). . Journal of the Australian Entomological Society , 6 : 36 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Nahrung , H. F. 2002 . Biological differences between mainland and Tasmanian Chrysophtharta agricola, a Eucalyptus leaf beetle. . The Tasmanian Naturalist , 124 : 56 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Nahrung , H. F. 2003 . “ Reproductive ecology of ” . In Chrysophtharta agricola (Chapuis) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). PhD thesis, School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania. 348 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Nahrung , H. F. and Allen , G. R. 2003a . Geographical variation, population structure and gene flow between populations of Chrysophtharta agricola (Chapuis) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a pest of Australian eucalypt plantations. . Bulletin of Entomological Research , 93 : 137 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahrung , H. F. and Allen , G. R. 2003b . Intra-plant host selection, oviposition preference and larval survival of Chrysophtharta agricola (Chapuis) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Paropsini) between foliage types of a heterophyllous host. . Agricultural and Forest Entomology , 5 : 155 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Nahrung , H. F. and Allen , G. R. Journal of Natural History. (in press) Maintenance of colour polymorphism in the leaf beetle Chrysophtharta agricola (Chapuis) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
   Google Scholar
• Nahrung , H. F. and Murphy , B. D. 2002 . Differences in egg parasitism of Chrysophtharta agricola (Chapuis) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) by Enoggera nassaui Girault (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in relation to host and parasitoid origin. . Australian Journal of Entomology , 41 : 267 – 271 .
   Google Scholar
• Nahrung , H. F. and Reid , C. 2002 . Reproductive development of the Tasmanian eucalypt-defoliating beetles Chrysophtharta agricola (Chapuis) and C. bimaculata (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Paropsini). . The Coleopterists Bulletin , 56 : 84 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahrung , H. F. , Dunstan , P. K. and Allen , G. R. 2001 . Larval gregariousness and neonate establishment of the eucalypt-feeding beetle Chrysophtharta agricola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Paropsini). . Oikos , 94 : 358 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann , F. G. 1993 . Insect pest problems of eucalypt plantations in Australia 3. . Victoria. Australian Forestry , 56 : 370 – 374 .
   Google Scholar
• Noble , I. R. 1989 . Ecological traits of the Eucalyptus L'Herit. subgenera Monocalyptus . Symphyomyrtus. Australian Journal of Botany , 37 : 207 – 224 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien , C. , Throssel , A-C. and Matsuki , M. 2003 . Effects of a neem-based insecticide on a leaf beetle species (Chrysophtharta agricola). CRC-SPF Technical Report 101.
   Google Scholar
• Ohmart , C. P. 1996 . Vol Edited by: Jolivet , P. H.A. and Cox , M. L. 263 – 269 . Amsterdam : SPB Academic Publishing . Population dynamics of chrysomelid beetles feeding on Eucalyptus. In: Chrysomelidae Biology. 2: Ecological Studies
   Google Scholar
• Ohmart , C. P. , Stewart , L. G. and Thomas , J. R. 1983 . Phytophagous insect communities in the canopies of three Eucalyptus forest types in south-eastern Australia. . Australian Journal of Ecology , 8 : 395 – 403 .
   Google Scholar
• Ormsby , M. 2001 . Import Health Standard (draft). Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Biosecurity Authority, Wellington, NZ. 13 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Ramsden , N. and Elek , J. 1998 . Life cycle and development rates of the leaf beetle Chrysophtharta agricola (Chapuis) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on Eucalyptus nitens at two temperature regimes. . Australian Journal of Entomology , 37 : 238 – 242 .
   Google Scholar
• Reid , C. A.M. 1992 . Descriptions of the pupae of nine genera of Australian Paropsine Chrysomelinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). . Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales , 113 : 311 – 336 .
   Google Scholar
• Reid , C. A.M. 1995 . Book review—Novel Aspects of the Biology of Chrysomelidae. . Journal of the Australian Entomological Society , 34 : 224 228
   Google Scholar
• Reid , C. A.M. and Ohmart , C. P. 1989 . Determination of the sex of pupae of Paropsis alomaria Olivier, and related Paropsina (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). . Journal of the Australian Entomological Society , 28 : 29 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Seeman , O. D. and Nahrung , H. F. Australian Journal of Entomology , 42 334 – 342 . (in press) Parobia gen. nov. (Acari: Podapolipidae): subelytral parasites of paropsine beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
   Google Scholar
• Selman , B. J. 1985 . The evolutionary biology and taxonomy of the Australian eucalyptus beetles. . Entomography , 3 : 451 – 454 .
   Google Scholar
• Selman , B. J. 1989 . Some factors including nematodes influencing the population levels of paropsine chrysomelid beetles. . Entomography , 6 : 403 – 406 .
   Google Scholar
• Selman , B. J. 1994a . “ Eggs and oviposition in chrysomelid beetles. ” . Edited by: Jolivet , PH. , Cox , M. L. and Petitpierre , E. 69 – 74 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers . Novel Aspects of Biology of Chrysomelidae. and Boston, Series Entomologica 50
   Google Scholar
• Selman , B. J. 1994b . “ The biology of paropsine eucalyptus beetles in Australia. ” . Edited by: Jolivet , P. H. , Cox , M. L. and Petitpierre , E. 555 – 565 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers . Novel Aspects of the Biology of Chrysomelidae. and Boston, Series Entomologica 50
   Google Scholar
• Shohet , D. and Clarke , A. R. 1997 . Life history of Chauliognathus lugubris (F.) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) in Tasmanian forests. . Australian Journal of Entomology , 36 : 37 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Simmul , T. L. and de Little , D. W. 1999 . “ Biology of the Paropsini (Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae). ” . In Chrysomelidae Biology. Edited by: Cox , M. L. 463 – 477 . Leiden : Backhuys Publishers . Advances In, pp. '
   Google Scholar
• Steinbauer , M. J. 1998 . “ Strategies for managing insect populations in plantations. ” . In Co-operative Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry Annual Meeting 910 Burnie, Tasmania
   Google Scholar
• Stone , C. 1993 . Insect problems of eucalypt plantations in Australia. . Australian Forestry , 56 : 363 – 369 .
   Google Scholar
• Stone , C. , Simpson , J. A. and Eldridge , R. H. 1998 . Insect and fungal damage to young eucalypt trial plantings in northern New South Wales. . Australian Forestry , 6 : 7 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Styles , J. H. 1970 . Notes on the biology of Paropsis charybdis Stal (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). . New Zealand Entomology , 4 : 103 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Tanton , M. T. and Epila , J. S.O. 1984 . Parasitisation of larvae of Paropsis atomaria Ol. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in the Australian Capital Territory. . Australian Journal of Zoology , 32 : 251 – 159 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanton , M. T. and Khan , S. M. 1978 . Aspects of the biology of the eucalypt-defoliating chrysomelid beetle Paropsis atomaria Ol. in the Australian Capital Territory. . Australian Journal of Zoology , 26 : 113 – 120 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tribe , G. D. 2000 . Ecology, distribution and natural enemies of the Eucalyptus-defoliating beetle Trachymeta tincticollis (Blackburn) (Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelini: Paropsina) in southwestern Australia, with reference to its biological control in South Africa. . African Entomology , 8 : 23 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Den Berg , M. A. 1982 . Coleoptera attacking Acacia dealbata Link., Acacia decurrens Willd., Acacia Umgifolia (Andr.) Willd., Acacia mearnsii de Wild, and Acacia mehmoxylon R. Br, in Australia. . Phytophylactica , 14 : 51 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Vasconcellos-Neto , J. and Jolivet , P. 1994 . “ Cycloalexy among chrysomelid larvae. ” . Edited by: Jolivet , PH. , Cox , M. L. and Petitpierre , E. 303 – 309 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers . Novel Aspects of the Biology of Chrysomelidae. and Boston. Series Entomologica 50
   Google Scholar
• Weise , V. J. 1901 . Ein beitrag zur kenntniss von Paropsis Oliv. . Archiv Naturgeschichte , 67 : 164 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Withers , T. M. 2001 . Colonisation of eucalypts in New Zealand by Australian insects. . Austral Ecology , 26 : 467 – 476 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wotherspoon , K. P. 1998 . Patterns of phytophagous insect herbivory and abundance on juvenile regrowth of Eucalyptus subgenera coexisting in southern Tasmania. . Australian Journal of Ecology , 23 : 430 – 42 .
   Google Scholar