Mistletoes increasing in ‘undisturbed’ forest: a symptom of forest decline caused by unnatural exclusion of fire?

References

• Anon . 1994 . Eden Management Area Proposed Forestry Operations Environmental Impact Statement. State Forests of New South Wales, Pennant Hills.
   Google Scholar
• Balchi , Y. and Halmschlager , E. 2003 . Incidence of Phytophthora species in oak forests in Austria and their possible involvement in oak decline. . Forest Pathology , 33 : 157 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Binns , D. L. and Bridges , R. G. 2003 . Ecological Impacts and Sustainability of Timber Harvesting and Burning in Coastal Forests of the Eden Area. Establishment and Progress of the Eden Burning Study. Technical Paper No. 67. Research and Development Division, State Forests of New South Wales, Sydney.
   Google Scholar
• Boland , D. J. , Brooker , M. I.H. , Chippendale , G. M. , Hall , N. , Hyland , B. P.M. , Johnston , R. D. , Kleinig , D. A. and Turner , J. D. 1984 . Forest Trees of Australia. Melbourne : CSIRO . Nelson
   Google Scholar
• Bridges , R. G. (in press) Effects of logging and burning regimes on forest fuel in dry sclerophyll forests in south eastern NSW. Sydney : NSW . Initial results (1986–1993) from the Eden Burning Study Area. Research Paper No. 40. Forests
   Google Scholar
• Burrows , N. D. , Ward , B. and Robinson , A. D. 1995 . Jarrah forest fire history from stem analysis and anthropological evidence. . Australian Forestry , 58 : 7 – 16 .
   Google Scholar
• Dwire , K. A. and Kauffman , J. B. 2003 . Fire and riparian ecosystems in landscapes of the western USA. . Forest Ecology and Management , 178 : 61 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis , R. C. and Pennington , P. I. 1992 . Factors affecting the growth of Eucalyptus delegatensis seedlings in inhibitory forest and grassland soils. . Plant and Soil , 145 : 93 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , J. T. 1983 . “ Water relations of mistletoes and hosts. ” . In The Biology of Mistletoes. Edited by: Calder , M. and Bernhardt , P. 161 – 84 . Sydney : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Granger , L. , Kasel , S. and Adams , M. A. 1994 . Tree decline in southeastern Australia: nitrate reductase activity and indications of unbalanced nutrition in Eucalyptus ovata (Labill.) and E. camphora (R.T. Baker) communities at Yellingbo, Victoria. . Oecologia , 98 : 221 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawksworth , F. G. 1983 . “ Mistletoes as forest parasites. ” . In The Biology of Mistletoes. Edited by: Calder , M. and Bernhardt , P. 317 – 333 . Sydney : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Henderson , M. K. and Keith , D. A. 2002 . Correlation of burning and grazing indicators with composition of woody understorey flora of dells in a temperate eucalypt forest. . Austral Ecology , 27 : 121 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hessburg , P. F. and Agee , J. K. 2003 . An environmental narrative of Inland Northwest United States forests, 1800–2000. . Forest Ecology and Management , 178 : 61 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , M. R. 1955 . Growth Habits of the Eucalypts. Forestry and Timber Bureau, Canberra.
   Google Scholar
• Jaggers , J. 2004 . “ Estimating the extent of declining forest in south east New South Wales. ” . In Fundamental Causes of Eucalypt Forest Decline and Possible Management Solutions. Edited by: White , T. C.R. and Jurskis , V. 21 – 22 . Sydney : NSW . Proceedings of a colloquium at Batemans Bay, 18th and 19th November 2003. State Forests of
   Google Scholar
• Jurskis , V. 2002 . Restoring the prepastoral condition. . Austral Ecology , 27 : 689 – 690 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurskis , V. 2003 . “ Assessing the ecological implications of prescribed burning: where do you start? ” . In Conference Proceedings, 3rd International Wildland Fire Conference and Exhibition. Sydney.
   Google Scholar
• Jurskis , V. 2004a . “ Forest decline in coastal NSW, an overview. ” . In Fundamental Causes of Eucalypt Forest Decline and Possible Management Solutions. Edited by: White , T. C.R. and Jurskis , V. 18 – 19 . Sydney : NSW . Proceedings of colloquium November 2003 Batemans Bay, NSW. State Forests of pp. 4–7
   Google Scholar
• Jurskis , V. 2004b . Observations of Eucalypt Decline in Temperate Australian Forests and Woodlands. 2004 Gottstein Fellowship Report. Gottstein Trust, Melbourne.
   Google Scholar
• Jurskis , V. “ (in press) Eucalypt decline in Australia, and a general concept of tree decline and dieback. ” . In Forest Ecology and Management.
   Google Scholar
• Jurskis , V. and Turner , J. 2002 . Eucalypt dieback in eastern Australia: a simple model. . Australian Forestry , 65 : 81 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Jurskis , V. , Bridges , B. and de Mar , P. 2003 . “ Fire management in Australia: the lessons of 200 years. ” . In Joint Australia and New Zealand Institute of Forestry Conference Proceedings 27 April — 1 May 2003, Queenstown, New Zealand. 353 – 368 . Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Wellington
   Google Scholar
• Kavanagh , R. 2003 . Identification of Species and Functional Groups that Give Early Warning of Major Environmental Change (Indicator 1.2c) Summary Report. Australian Government. Forests and Wood Products Research and Development Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Kavanagh , R. P. and Stanton , M. A. 2005 . Vertebrate species assemblages and species sensitivity to logging in the forests of north-eastern New South Wales. . Forest Ecology and Management , 209 : 309 – 341 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keith , D. A. and Bedward , M. 1999 . Native vegetation of the south east forests region, Eden, New South Wales. . Cunninghamia , 6 : 1 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Kellas , J. D. 1991 . “ Management of the dry sclerophyll forests in Victoria. 2. Box-ironbark forests. ” . In Forest Management in Australia. Edited by: McKinnell , F. H. , Hopkins , E. R. and Fox , J. E.D. 163 – 168 . Chipping Norton : Surrey Beatty and Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Koonce , A. L. and Roth , L. F. 1980 . “ The effects of prescribed burning on dwarf mistletoe in ponderosa pine. ” . In Proceedings Sixth Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology. Edited by: Martin , R. E. , Edmonds , R. L. , Faulkner , D. A. , Harrington , J. B. , Fuquay , D. M. , Stocks , B. J. and Barr , S. 197 – 203 . Society of American Foresters, Washington
   Google Scholar
• Lamont , B. 1983 . “ Germination of Mistletoes. ” . In The Biology of Mistletoes. Edited by: Calder , M. and Bernhardt , P. 129 – 143 . Sydney : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Landsberg , J. 1985 . Drought and dieback of rural eucalypts. . Australian Journal of Ecology , 10 : 87 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Landsberg , J. 1990 . Dieback of rural eucalypts: Does insect herbivory relate to dietary quality of tree foliage? . Australian Journal of Ecology , 15 : 73 – 87 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landsberg , J. , Morse , J. and Khanna , P. 1990 . Tree dieback and insect dynamics in remnants of native woodlands on farms. . Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia , 16 : 149 – 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Liddy , J. 1982 . Food of the mistletoebird near Pumicestone Passage, south-eastern Queensland. . Corella , 6 : 11 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Liddy , J. 1983 . “ Dispersal of Australian mistletoes: The Cowiebank study. ” . In The Biology of Mistletoes. Edited by: Calder , M. and Bernhardt , P. 101 – 116 . Sydney : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lunt , I. D. 1998 . Allocasuarina (Casuarinaceae) invasion of an unburnt coastal woodland at Ocean Grove, Victoria: structural changes 1971–1996. . Australian Journal of Botany , 46 : 649 – 656 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh , N. R. and Adams , M. A. 1995 . Decline of Eucalyptus tereticornis near Bairnsdale, Victoria: insect herbivory and nitrogen fractions in sap and foliage. . Australian Journal of Botany , 43 : 39 – 50 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , R. W. 1985 . Overbrowsing and decline of a population of the koala, Phascolarctos cinereus in Victoria, II. Population condition. . Australian Wildlife Research , 12 : 367 – 375 .
   Google Scholar
• McCulley , R. L. , Archer , S. R. , Boutton , T. W. , Hons , F. M. and Zuberer , D. A. 2004 . Soil respiration and nutrient cycling in wooded communities developing in grassland. . Ecology , 85 : 2804 – 2817 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neyland , M. 1996 . Tree Decline in Tasmania. A Review of the Factors Implicated in Tree Decline and Management Recommendations for Its Control. Land and Water Management Council, Hobart.
   Google Scholar
• Reid , N. and Yan , Z. 2000 . “ Mistletoes and other phanerogams parasitic on eucalypts. ” . In Diseases and Pathogens of Eucalypts. Edited by: Keane , P. J. , Kile , G. A. , Podger , F. D. and Brown , B. N. 353 – 384 . Collingwood : CSIRO Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• SAS Institute Inc . 1990 . SAS/STAT Guide, Version 6, Third edition, Cary, NC.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw , D. C. , Watson , D. M. and Mathiasen , R. L. 2004 . Comparison of dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium spp., Viscaceae) in the western United States with mistletoes (Amyema spp., Loranthaceae) in Australia — ecological analogs and reciprocal models for ecosystem management. . Australian Journal of Botany , 52 : 481 – 498 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsopelas , P. , Angelopoulos , A. , Economou , A. and Soulioti , N. 2004 . Mistletoe (Viscum album) in the fir forest of Mount Parnis, Greece. . Forest Ecology and Management , 202 : 59 – 65 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner , R. J. 1991 . Mistletoe in eucalypt forest — a resource for birds. . Australian Forestry , 54 : 226 – 235 .
   Google Scholar
• Ward , D. J. , Lamont , B. B. and Burrows , C. L. 2001 . Grasstrees reveal contrasting fire regimes in eucalypt forest before and after European settlement of southwestern Australia. . Forest Ecology and Management , 150 : 323 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward , M. J. 2005a . Patterns of box mistletoe Amyema miquelii infection and pink gum Eucalyptus fasciculosa condition in the Mount Lofty Ranges, South Australia. . Forest Ecology and Management , 213 : 1 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Ward , M. 2005b . Mistletoe proliferation and regional tree decline. . Australian Plants Society Journal , 18 : 162 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Watson , D. M. 2001 . Mistletoe — a keystone resource in forests and woodlands worldwide. . Annual Review of Ecological Systems , 32 : 219 – 249 .
   Google Scholar
• Watson , D. M. 2002 . Effects of mistletoe on diversity: a case-study from southern New South Wales. . Emu , 102 : 275 – 281 .
   Google Scholar
• White , T. C.R. 1993 . The Inadequate Environment: Nitrogen and the Abundance of Animals. Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• White , T. C.R. 2001 . Opposing paradigms: regulation or limitation of populations? . Oikos , 93 : 148 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , T. C.R. 2004 . “ Natural factors limiting pests and diseases. ” . In Fundamental Causes of Eucalypt Forest Decline and Possible Management Solutions. Edited by: White , T. C.R. and Jurskis , V. 11 – 12 . Sydney : NSW . Proceedings of a colloquium at Batemans Bay, 18th and 19th November 2003. State Forests of
   Google Scholar
• Zar , J. H. 1984 . Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall . New Jersey
   Google Scholar
• Zubrinich , T. M. , Loveys , B. , Gallasch , S. , Seekamp , J. V. and Tyerman , S. D. 2000 . Tolerance of salinized floodplain conditions in a naturally occurring eucalyptus hybrid related to lowered plant water potential. . Tree Physiology , 20 : 953 – 963 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar