References
- Spate , O. H. K. 1972 . Journeyman Taylor: Some aspects of his work . Austr. Geogr. , 12 : 115 – 22 .
- Douglas , I. 1977 . Frontiers of settlement in Australia‐fifty years on . Austr. Geogr. , 13 : 297 – 305 .
- Hanley , W. S. 1980 . Griffith Taylor's Antarctic achievements. A geographical foundation . Austr. Geogr. Stud. , 18 : 22 – 36 .
- Powell , J. M. 1978 . The Bowman, Huntington and Taylor Correspondence, 1928 . Austr. Geogr. , 14 : 123 – 5 .
- Powell , J. M. 1978 . 1928: Griffith Taylor emigrates from Australia . Geogr. Bull. , 10 : 5 – 13 .
- Powell , J. M. 1979 . Thomas Griffith Taylor 1880–1963 . Geographers Biobibliog. Stud. , 3 : 141 – 53 .
- Powell , J. M. in press . The cyclist on the ice. Griffith Taylor as explorer. Barr Memorial Lecture . Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc. Austr. (S.A.) ,
- Powell , J. M. in press . Taylor, Stefansson and the arid centre. An historic encounter of environmentalism and possibilism . J. Roy. Austr. Hist. Soc. ,
- Marshall , A. in press . Griffith Taylor's correlative science . Austr. Geogr. Stud. ,
- Rein , M. 1976 . Social Science and Public Policy , Harmondsworth : Penguin . Another work which is similarly highly influential in this general context is
- Barnes , J. A. 1979 . Who Should Know What? Social Science, Privacy and Ethics. , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
- Dickens , C. Hard Times. For These Times , first published in book‐form in 1854
- I have selected the quotations for this section from a personal copy which is a (Signet) New American Library edition, published in New York and Scarborough, Ontario, in 1961.
- Positivism came to us in trilby hats and bearing clip‐boards, a completely foreign army of occupation madly bent on destruction in the names of ‘efficiency’ and ‘progress’. And the Marxists and Fabians were then merely politely differing factions in the same middle‐class forces, busily talking to, or at, one another. They were not unkindly christened ‘the middle‐class w‐’ (a term for masturbators). Only the so‐called ‘Communists’ were respected. They were simply the most effective of the local socialists — dispensing with books, but with the kind of courage that was fed by a strong sense of injustice and personal injury, and by a healthy cynicism bred from the persecution they shared, as a regional inheritance, with their neighbours. In my home area positivistic planning was a malevolent force.
- Stretton , H. 7 March 1980 . How to Corrupt the Social Sciences , 7 March , The Mendelsohn Lecture, Monash University .
- Bacon , F. New Atlantis first published in 1627
- Dixon , C. J. 1963 . A Preface to Bacon , London : Hutchinson .
- Johnston , A. 1974 . Francis Bacon. The Advancement of Learning and New Atlantis , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Rossi , P. 1968 . Francis Bacon; from Magic to Science , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
- Adams , R. 1949 . The Social Responsibilities of Science in Utopia, New Atlantis and after . J. Hist. Ideas , 10 : 374 – 98 .
- Prior , M. E. 1954 . Bacon's man of science . J. Hist. Ideas , 15 : 348 – 70 .
- Stimson , D. 1949 . Scientists and Amateurs. A History of the Royal Society , London : Sigma .
- Purver , M. 1967 . The Royal Society. Concept and Creation , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
- Wells , H. G. 1905 . A Modern Utopia , London : Chapman and Hall . It is interesting (at least it seems so to me) to note one of the early subtitles of this book — ‘A Sociological Holiday’, in the Scribner's, New York 1904(?) edition.
- Huxley , A. 1962 . Brave New World , New York : Bantam Books . (first published 1932); G. Orwell: Nineteen Eighty‐Four. New American Library, New York 1956 (first published 1949). My preference for seeing these two authors primarily as essayists, rather than novelists, may not be wholly acceptable, but the special context in which I have drawn upon their material does, I hope, provide sufficient justification on this occasion.
- Eurich , N. 1967 . Science in Utopia. A Mighty Design , Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press .
- Holton , G. , ed. 1965 . Science and Culture. A Study of Cohesive and Disjunctive Forces , Boston : Beacon Press .
- Gouldner , A. 1971 . The Coming Crisis in Western Sociology , London : Heinemann .
- Berger , P. L. and Luckmann , T. 1973 . The Social Construction of Reality. A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge , Harmondsworth : Penguin . (first published 1966)
- Gouldner , A. 1967 . Enter Plato , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
- Ravetz , J. 1971 . Scientific Knowledge and its Social Problems , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Blisset , M. 1972 . Politics in Science , Boston : Little, Brown .
- Cole , R. and Cole , S. 1973 . Social Stratification in Science , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Merton , R. K. 1973 . The Sociology of Science , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
- Elliott , D. and Elliott , R. 1976 . The Control of Technology , London : Wykeham .
- Biddiss , M. D. 1977 . The Age of the Masses. Ideas and Society in Europe since 1870 , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
- Zuckerman , H. 1977 . Scientific Elite , New York : Free Press .
- Rose , H. and Rose , S. 1977 . Science and Society , Harmondsworth : Penguin . (first published 1969)
- Hindess , B. 1977 . Philosophy and Methodology in the Social Sciences , Hassocks, Suss. : Harvester .
- Feyerabend , P. 1978 . Science in a Free Society , London : New Left Books .
- Thompson , E. P. 1978 . The Poverty of Theory , London : Merlin .
- Johnston , R. and Robbins , D. 1977 . The development of specialties in industrialised science . Soc. Rev. (N.S.) , 25 : 87 – 108 . I have naturally selected this example quite deliberately to underline some of the less attractive features of science ‘proper’ in our society. Important related works contain the same message, at least collectively, for social science. In addition to the authorities cited in the previous note, see, for example,
- Baldamus , W. 1972 . “ The role of discoveries in social science ” . In The Rules of the Game , Edited by: Shanin , T. 276 – 302 . London : Tavistock .
- Bernstein , B. 1974 . “ Sociology and the sociology of education ” . In Approaches to Sociology , Edited by: Rex , J. 153 – 70 . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
- Zubaida , S. 1974 . What's scientific sociology? . Econ. and Soc. , 3 : 71 – 83 .
- Ford , J. 1975 . Paradigms and Fairytales , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
- Phillips , D. 1973 . Abandoning Method. Sociological Studies in Methodology , San Francisco : Jossey Bass .
- Gouldner , A. 1975 . For Sociology , Harmondsworth : Pelican .
- Bell , C. and Newby , H. , eds. 1977 . Doing Sociological Research , Boston and Sydney : George Allen and Unwin .
- Johnson , T. J. 1972 . Professions and Power , London : Macmillan .
- Koestler , A. 1964 . The Sleepwalkers , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
- Bronowski , J. 1971 . “ The disestablishment of science ” . In The Social Impact of Modem Biology , Edited by: Fuller , W. 233 – 46 . London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
- Johnston and Robbins, op. cit., p. 96.
- Ibid., p. 102.
- Marcuse , H. 1968 . Negations , Boston : Beacon Press .
- 1972 . One Dimension Man , London : Abacus .
- Weisskopf , V. F. 1977 . The frontiers and limits of science . Am. Scientist , 65 : 405 – 11 .
- 1962 . Technics and Civilization , London : Routledge and Kegan Paul . (first published 1934);
- 1963 . The Condition of Man , London : Martin Secker and Warburg . (first published 1944)
- 1967 . The Myth of the Machine. Technics and Human Development , London : Secker and Warburg .
- 1970 . The Myth of the Machine. The Pentagon of Power , New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich .
- 1973 . Daedalus , 102
- 1974 . Daedalus , 103
- 1978 . Limits of scientific inquiry . Daedalus , 107
- Martin , B. 2 June 1980 . The power structure of science and the suppression of environmental scholarship 2 June , Mimeo
- Moos , R. and Brownstein , R. 1977 . Environment and Utopia. A Synthesis , New York : Plenum .
- Marcus , M. G. 1979 . Coming full circle: Physical geography in the twentieth century . Annals, A.A.G. , 69 : 521 – 32 .
- Smith , N. 1979 . Geography, science and post‐positivist modes of explanation . Progress in Human Geography , 3 : 356 – 83 .
- Albrow , M. 1974 . Dialectical and categorical paradigms of a science of society . Sociological Review , 22 : 183 – 201 .
- Foucault , M. 1970 . The Order of Things. An Archaeology of the Human Sciences , London : Tavistock . (first published in French, 1966)
- Grano , O. 1977 . Maantiede ja Tiekeen Kehityksen Ongelma (Geography and the problem of the development of science) . Terra , 89 : 1 – 9 .
- Johnston's , R. J. 1979 . Geography and Geographers. Anglo‐American Human Geography Since 1945 , London : Arnold . very valuable overview
- Albrow, op. cit. (n. 20). Systems specialists may see this as uncharitable; I realize that it is certainly too broad to be useful in the highly specialized ‘harder’ scientific situations.
- This term is borrowed from
- Pawley , M. 1973 . The Private Future. Causes and Consequences of Community Collapse in the West , London : Chatto and Windus . see especially pp. 156–203
- Huxley , J. 1964 . “ The humanist frame ” . In Essays of a Humanist , Edited by: Huxley , J. 72 – 115 . 89 London : Chatto and Windus .
- W. R. Yeats (1865–1939) was, happily, also concerned with revivalism — of the Celtic spirit. Yeats was a Nobel Prize Winner in 1923, but unfortunately he was also a politician (in the Irish Senate).
- The model is derived, essentially, from A. Mazrui's recent Reith Lectures. The dependency analogy is probably pushed a little too far in this late stage of the story‐telling, but it may serve some purpose. Elements of this liberationist or revivalist programme are already evident, so my argument is not really too far‐fetched. The time is ripe for a more imaginative co‐ordination to move closer to the realization of a community of scholarship that ‘reaches out’ into public service — a worthy goal which inspired Griffith Taylor and other pioneers.
- Here I prefer to follow the prescription in
- Illich , Ivan . 1979 . Tools for Conviviality , Glasgow : Fontana Collins . (first published 1973)
- 1965 . Let Me Enjoy. Essays, Partly Geographical , 181 Canberra : Australian National University Press .
- 1960 . The original essay was published . Annals, A.A.G. , 50 : 377 – 94 .
- Mumford , L. 1976 . Findings and Keepings. Analects for an Autobiography , London : Secker and Warburg .
- Weber , Marianne . 1977 . Academic conviviality . Minerva , 15 : 214 – 46 . (widow of Max)
- Bell , C. and Encel , S. , eds. 1978 . Inside the Whale. Ten Personal Accounts of Social Research , Sydney : Pergamon .
- Reinharz , S. 1979 . On Becoming a Sociologist. From Survey Research and Participant Observation to Experiential Analysis , San Francisco : Jossey Bass .
- Fink , L. D. and Morgan , D. J. 1976 . The importance of teaching in academic geography . Professional Geographer , 28 : 290 – 8 .
- Pattison , W. D. and Fink , L. D. 1974 . “ Preparing others to profess: a trial year ” . In Phase 1, Director's Report, Project on Teaching and Learning in Graduate Geography , Department of Geography, University of Oklahoma .
- As yet I have no statistics for Australia as a whole. For general surveys of our changing situation, see
- Hore , T. , Linke , R. D. and West , L. H. T. 1978 . The Future of Higher Education in Australia , Melbourne and Sydney : Macmillan .
- Craig , G. A. 1974 . Green stamp or structured undergraduate education? In American higher education: toward an uncertain future . Daedalus , 4 : 143 – 58 . 143
- Pace , R. 1974 . The Demise of Diversity? , Berkeley : Carnegie Commission on Higher Education .
- Ashby , E. 1963 . Technology and the Academics. An Essay on Universities and the Scientific Revolution , London : Macmillan .
- Kerr , C. 1963 . The Uses of the University , Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press .
- Perkins , J. A. 1966 . The University in Transition , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Janne , H. 1970 . The University and the Needs of Contemporary Society , Paris : International Association of Universities, Papers, No. 10 .
- Handler , P. 1976 . The American university today . Amer. Scientist , 64 : 254 – 7 .
- Mill , J. S. 1873 . Dissertations and Discussions. Political, Philosophical and Historical Vol. 4 , New York
- Plumb , J. H. 1964 . Crisis in the Humanities , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
- Barcan , A. 1975 . Salvaging the humanist curriculum . Aust. Qly. , 47 : 108 – 15 .
- Kumar , K. 1978 . Prophecy and Progress. The Sociology of Industrial and Post‐Industrial Society , Harmondsworth : Penguin .
- Bacon, quoted in Dixon: Preface, op. cit., p. 23.
- Glacken , C. J. 1967 . Traces on the Rhodian Shore. Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Thought to the End of the Eighteenth Century , Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press .
- Clark , A. H. 1977 . “ The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. A humanistic element in geography ” . In Geographic Humanism, Analysis and Social Action. A Half Century of Geography at Michigan , Edited by: Deskins , D. R. Jr , Kish , G. , Nystuen , J. D. and Olsson , G. 3 – 26 . 9 Ann Arbor : Department of Geography, University of Michigan .
- Berger , John . 1974 . Soc. Rev. (N.S.) , 22 : 321 – 33 . Clark, op. cit., p. 10. Griffith Taylor was more suspicious of some humanities subjects. History was very acceptable, though Taylor was often too easily content with manufacturing his own versions, but his peculiar distaste for the classics and a flaunted (probably much exaggerated) philistinism towards ‘high culture’ in its various forms were not always the best advertisements for a growing subject. For a related study see I. Craib, Sociological literature and literary sociology. Some notes on G by
- Festa‐McCormick , D. 1979 . The City as Catalyst. A Study of Ten Novels , Cranbury, N.J. : Fairleigh Dickinson Assoc. University Presses . A useful recent example, taken almost at random, is
- Mphahlele , E. 1974 . The African Image , New York : Praeger . (first published 1962)
- Laye , C. 1965 . The African Child. Memories of a West African Childhood , London and Glasgow : Fontana Collins . (first published in French in 1954)
- Ngugi , J. 1968 . A Grain of Wheat , London : Heinemann . (first published 1967)
- p'Bitek , O. 1968 . Song of Lawino , Nairobi : Modern African Library, East African Publishing .
- p'Bitek , O. 1970 . Song of Ocol , Nairobi : Modern African Library, East African Publishing .
- Laye , C. 1970 . A Dream of Africa , London and Glasgow : Fontana Collins . (first published in French 1966)
- Clarke , W. C. 1975 . Man, Land and Poetry: Geography in Poetic Expression , Inaugural lecture, University of Papua New Guinea .
- Fowles , John . 1975 . The Ebony Tower , St Albans : Panther . (first published 1974)
- Meinig , D. W. , ed. 1979 . The Interpretation of Ordinary Landscapes. Geographical Essays , New York : Oxford University Press .
- Meinig , D. W. 1978 . The continuous shaping of America: a prospectus for geographers and historians . Amer. Hist. Rev. , 83 : 1186 – 205 . (and Comments, pp. 1206–17)
- Mulvaney , J. 1969 . The Prehistory of Australia , London : Thames and Hudson .
- Blainey , G. 1975 . The Triumph of the Nomads. A History of Ancient Australia , Melbourne : Macmillan .
- Goudie , A. 1976 . Geography and prehistory. A survey of the literature with a selected bibliography . J. Hist. Geog. , 2 : 197 – 206 .
- Information on this multi‐volume interdisciplinary project is most conveniently obtained from Dr S. G. Foster, Assistant General Editor, Section A, Bicentennial History Project, Department of History, Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra and Dr J. McQuilton, Assistant General Editor, Section B (Reference), School of History, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2033.
- Despite (or because of!) its idiosyncratic presentation, and although its general information is now out‐dated, Griffith Taylor's Presidential Address to Section E (Geography and History, note) of the 1923 Wellington meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science is still worth reading. The full reference is — Geography and Australian national problems.
- 1924 . Australasian Assoc. Adv. Sci. 16th Meeting . 1924 , Wellington . pp. 433 – 87 .
- Gouldner . Enter Plato 338 Bacon, quoted in Dixon, Preface, op. cit., p. 22. Note also Gouldner's (1967) warning to modern social scientists about the perils of ‘methodolatry’ — it is too easy for the reason to become ‘compulsively preoccupied with a method of knowing, which it exalts ritualistically and quite apart from a serious appraisal of its success in producing knowledge’.
- Bacon, quoted in Dixon: Preface, op. cit., p. 24.
- Haggett , P. 1977 . Mid‐term futures for geography . Monash Publications in Geography , 16
- Mercer , D. 1977 . Conflict and consensus in human geography . Monash Publications in Geography , 17
- The latter was an ‘Antipodean Reaction’ to the former, and it also includes a Postscript in reply from Haggett. These are now quite well known, but the succeeding more specialized issue in the same series is actually more closely related to this general theme than has been realized, or acknowledged.
- Logan , W. S. 1978 . Post‐convergence political geography — death or transfiguration? . Monash Publications in Geography , 18
- Zelinsky , W. 1975 . The demigod's dilemma . Annals, A.A.G. , 65 : 123 – 43 . 141 – 2 .
- Thrift , N. June 1979 . Limits to Knowledge in Social Theory: Towards a Theory of Practice , June , Canberra : Mimeo, Department of Human Geography, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University .
- Tuan , Y. F. 1976 . Reflections on humanistic geography . J. Architectural Education , 30 : 3 – 5 .
- Weil , E. 1970 . Humanistic studies: their object, methods and meaning . Daedalus , 99 : 237 – 55 .
- Eurich . Science in Utopia 140 op. cit.
- 1977 . The Seed and the Sower , Harmondsworth : Penguin . first published 1963