References
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2014). Remoteness structure. http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/d3310114.nsf/home/remoteness+structure
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2016). Census of population and housing: Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016. https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Educational%20Qualifications%20Data%20Summary%20~65
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2018). Census of population and housing Reflecting Australia – Stories from the Census, 2016. https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Small%20Towns~113
- Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2019). 4125.0 – Gender indicators, Australia, Sep 2018. https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/by%20Subject/4125.0~Sep%202018~Feature%20Article~Understanding%20Measures%20of%20the%20Gender%20Pay%20Gap%20(Feature%20Article)~10001
- Australian Government Department of Health. (2018). Better access to psychiatrists, psychologists and general practitioners through the MBS (Better Access) Initiative. https://www1.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/mental-ba
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2019). Rural and remote health. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/rural-remote-australians/rural-remote-health
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2020). Mental health services in Australia. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/mental-health-services/mental-health-services-in-australia
- Australian Psychological Society. (2017, October). Telehealth under the better access initiative. InPsych, 2017(39). https://psychology.org.au/inpsych/2017/oct
- Barefoot, K. N., Smalley, K. B., & Warren, J. C. (2017). A quantitative comparison of the health-care disclosure experiences of rural and nonrural lesbians. Stigma and Health, 2(3), 195–207. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000052
- Burns, N. M., Birrell, E., Bismark, M., Pirkis, J., Davenport, T. A., Hickie, I. B., Weinberg, M. K., & Ellis, L. A. (2016). The role of technology in Australian youth mental health reform. Australian Health Review, 40(5), 584–590. https://doi.org/10.1071/AH15115
- Byron, P., Rasmussen, S., Toussaint, D. W., Lobo, R., Robinson, K., & Paradise, B. (2017). ‘You learn from each other’: LGBTIQ young people’s mental health help-seeking and the RAD Australia online directory. Western Sydney University Young and Well Cooperative Research Centre.
- Caldwell, T. M., Jorm, A. F., & Dear, K. B. G. (2004). Suicide and mental health in rural, remote and metropolitan areas in Australia. Medical Journal of Australia, 181(Suppl. 7), S10–S14. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2004.tb06348.x
- Collins, K. A., Westra, H. A., Dozois, D. J. A., & Burns, D. D. (2004). Gaps in accessing treatment for anxiety and depression: Challenges for the delivery of care. Clinical Psychology Review, 24(5), 583–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.06.001
- Corscadden, L., Callander, E. J., & Topp, S. M. (2019). Who experiences unmet need for mental health services and what other barriers to accessing health care do they face? Findings from Australia and Canada. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 34(2), 761–772. https://doi.org/10.1102/hpm.2733
- Cronin, T. J., Pepping, C. A., Halford, W. K., & Lyons, A. (2020). Minority stress and psychological outcomes in sexual minorities: The role of barriers to accessing services. Journal of Homosexuality, 1–13. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2020
- Eisenberg, D., Golberstein, E., & Gollust, S. E. (2007). Help-seeking and access to mental health care in a university student population. Medical Care, 45(7), 594–601. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31803bb4c1
- Enticott, J. C., Meadows, G. N., Shawyer, F., Inder, B., & Patten, S. (2016). Mental disorders and distress: Associations with demographics, remoteness and socioeconomic deprivation of area of residence across Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(12), 1169–1176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415615948
- Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2010). Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry, 10(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-10-113
- Harris, M. G., Hobbs, M. J., Burgess, P. M., Pirkis, J. E., Diminic, S., Siskind, D. J., Andrews, G., & Whiteford, H. A. (2015). Frequency and quality of mental health treatment for affective and anxiety disorders among Australian adults. Medical Journal of Australia, 202(4), 185–190. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja14.00297
- Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009). How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework. Psychological Bulletin, 135(5), 707–730. https://doi.org/1.1037/a0016441
- Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Bränström, R., & Pachankis, J. E. (2018). Societal-level explanations for reductions in sexual orientation mental health disparities: Results from a ten-year, population-based study in Sweden. Stigma and Health, 3(1), 16–26. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah000066
- Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Phelan, J. C., & Link, B. G. (2013). Stigma as a fundamental cause of population health inequalities. American Journal of Public Health, 103(5), 813–821. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301069
- Heckman, T. G., Somlai, A. M., Peters, J., Walker, J., Otto-Salaj, L., Galdabini, C. A., & Kelly, J. A. (1998). Barriers to care among persons living with HIV/AIDS in urban and rural areas. AIDS Care, 10(3), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1080/713612410
- Hughes, T., Szalacha, L. A., & McNair, R. (2010). Substance abuse and mental health disparities: Comparisons across sexual identity groups in a national sample of young Australian women. Social Science & Medicine, 71(4), 824–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.05.009
- Kantor, V., Knefel, M., & Lueger-Schuster, B. (2017). Perceived barriers and facilitators of mental health service utilization in adult trauma survivors: A systematic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 52, 52–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.12.001
- King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S. S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., & Nazareth, I. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 8(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-8-70
- King, S., & Dabelko-Schoeny, H. (2009). “Quite frankly, I have doubts about remaining”: Aging-in-place and health care access for rural midlife and older lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Journal of LGBT Health Research, 5(1–2), 10–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/15574090903392830
- Lea, T., De Wit, J., & Reynolds, R. (2014). Minority stress in lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults in Australia: Associations with psychological distress, suicidality, and substance use. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(8), 1571–1578. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-014-0266-6
- Lelutiu-Weinberger, C., & Pachankis, J. E. (2017). Acceptability and preliminary efficacy of a lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender-affirmative mental health practice training in a highly stigmatizing national context. LGBT Health, 4(5), 360–370. https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2016.0194
- Leonard, W., Lyons, A., & Bariola, E. (2015). A closer look at private lives 2: Addressing the mental health and well-being of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) Australians. Monograph Series No. 103. Melbourne: La Trobe University.
- Lick, D. J., Durso, L. E., & Johnson, K. L. (2013). Minority stress and physical health among sexual minorities. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(5), 521–548. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613497965
- Lisy, K., Peters, M. D. J., Schofield, P., & Jefford, M. (2018). Experiences and unmet needs of lesbian, gay and bisexual people with cancer care: A systematic review and meta-synthesis. Psycho-oncology, 27(6), 1480–1489. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.4674
- Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995a). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
- Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995b). Manual for the depression anxiety stress scales (2nd ed.). Psychology Foundation.
- Lyons, A., Hosking, W., & Rozbroj, T. (2015). Rural-urban differences in mental health, resilience, stigma, and social support among young Australian gay men. The Journal of Rural Health, 31(1), 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12089
- Mackenzie, C. S., Gekoski, W. L., & Knox, V. J. (2006). Age, gender, and the underutilization of mental health services: The influence of help-seeking attitudes. Aging & Mental Health, 10(6), 574–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860600641200
- Mayer, K. H., Bradford, J. B., Makadon, H. J., Stall, R., Goldhammer, H., & Landers, S. (2008). Sexual and gender minority health: What we know and what needs to be done. American Journal of Public Health, 98(6), 989–995. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.127811
- McCann, E., & Sharek, D. (2014). Survey of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people’s experiences of mental health services in Ireland. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 23(2), 118–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12018
- McDermott, E., Hughes, E., & Rawlings, V. (2018). Norms and normalisation: Understanding lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer youth, suicidality and help-seeking. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 20(2), 156–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2017.1335435
- McNair, R. P., & Bush, R. (2016). Mental health help seeking patterns and associations among Australian same sex attracted women, trans and gender diverse people: A survey-based study. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 209. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0916-4
- McNair, R. P., & Hegarty, K. (2010). Guidelines for the primary care of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people: A systematic review. The Annals of Family Medicine, 8(6), 533–541. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.1173
- Meadows, G. N., Enticott, J. C., Inder, B., Russell, G. M., & Gurr, R. (2015). Better access to mental health care and the failure of the Medicare principle of universality. The Medical Journal of Australia, 202(4), 190–194. https://doi.org/10.5694/mja14.00330
- Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
- Morandini, J. S., Blaszczynski, A., Ross, M. W., & Costa, D. S. (2015). Essential beliefs, sexual identity uncertainty, internalized homonegativity and psychological wellbeing in gay men. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62(3), 413–424. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000072
- Newcomb, M. E., & Mustanski, B. (2010). Internalized homophobia and internalizing mental health problems: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(8), 101–1029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.07.003
- Newman, C. E., Prankumar, S. K., Cover, R., Rasmussen, M. L., Marshall, D., & Aggleton, P. (2020). Inclusive health care for LGBTQ+ youth: Support, belonging, and inclusivity labour. Critical Public Health, 1–10. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/09581596.2020.1725443
- Obedin-Maliver, J., Goldsmith, E. S., & Stewart, L. (2011). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender-related content in undergraduate medical education. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 306(9), 971–977. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1255
- Oliver, M. I., Pearson, N., Coe, N., & Gunnell, D. (2005). Help-seeking behaviour in men and women with common mental health problems: Cross-sectional study. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 186(4), 297–301. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.4.297
- Pepping, C. A., Cronin, T. J., Halford, W. K., & Lyons, A. (2019). Minority stress and same-sex relationship satisfaction: The role of concealment motivation. Family Process, 58(2), 496–508. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12365
- Pepping, C. A., Lyons, A., Halford, W. K., Cronin, T. J., & Pachankis, J. E. (2017). Couple interventions for same-sex couples: A consumer survey. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 6(4), 258–273. https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000092
- Pepping, C. A., Lyons, A., & Morris, E. M. J. (2018). Affirmative LGBT psychotherapy: Outcomes of a therapist training protocol. Psychotherapy, 55(1), 52–62. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000149
- Perales, F. (2019). The health and wellbeing of Australian lesbian, gay and bisexual people: A systematic assessment using a longitudinal sample. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 43(3), 281–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12855
- Perales, F., & Todd, A. (2018). Structural stigma and the health and wellbeing of Australian LGB populations: Exploiting geographic variation in the results of the 2017 same-sex marriage plebiscite. Social Science & Medicine, 208, 190–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.05.015
- Plöderl, M., & Tremblay, P. (2015). Mental health of sexual minorities. A systematic review. International Review of Psychiatry, 27(5), 367–385. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261.2015.1083949
- Rickwood, D., Deane, F. P., Wilson, C. J., & Ciarrochi, J. (2005). Young people’s help-seeking for mental health problems. Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health, 4(3), 218–251. https://doi.org/10.5172/jamh.4.3.218
- Robards, F., Kang, M., Usherwood, T., & Sanci, L. (2018). How marginalized young people access, engage with, and navigate health-care systems in the digital age: Systematic review. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(4), 365–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.018
- Rosenkrantz, D. E., Black, W. W., Abreu, R. L., Aleshire, M. E., & Fallin-Bennett, K. (2017). Health and health care of rural sexual and gender minorities: A systematic review. Stigma and Health, 2(3), 229–243. https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000055
- Schueller, S. M., Hunter, J. F., Figueroa, C., & Aguilera, A. (2019). Use of digital mental health for marginalized and underserved populations. Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry, 6(3), 243–255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40501-019-00181-z
- Semlyen, J., King, M., Varney, J., & Hagger-Johnson, G. (2016). Sexual orientation and symptoms of common mental disorder or low wellbeing: Combined meta-analysis of 12 UK population health surveys. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0767-z
- Shingala, M. C., & Rajyaguru, A. (2015). Comparison of post hoc tests for unequal variance. International Journal of New Technologies in Science and Engineering, 2(5), 22–33. https://www.ijntse.com/upload/1447070311130.pdf
- Shipherd, J. C., Green, K. E., & Abramovitz, S. (2010). Transgender clients: Identifying and minimizing barriers to mental health treatment. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health, 14(2), 94–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/19359701003622875
- Slade, T., Johnston, A., Oakley Browne, M. A., Andrews, G., & Whiteford, H. (2009). 2007 national survey of mental health and wellbeing: Methods and key findings. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43(7), 594–605. https://doi.org/10.1080/00048670902970882
- Slaunwhite, A. K. (2015). The role of gender and income in predicting barriers to mental health care in Canada. Community Mental Health Journal, 51(5), 621–627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-014-9814-8
- Stanley, I. H., & Duong, J. (2015). Mental health service use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual older adults. Psychiatric Services, 7(7), 743–749. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201400488
- Steele, L. S., Daley, A., Curling, D., Gibson, M. F., Green, D. C., Williams, C. C., & Ross, L. E. (2017). LGBT identity, untreated depression, and unmet need for mental health services by sexual minority women and trans-identified people. Journal of Women’s Health, 26(2), 116–127. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2015.5677
- Sutherland, C. R., & Chur-Hansen, A. (2014). Knowledge, skills and attitudes of rural and remote psychologists. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 22(6), 273–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12152
- Swannell, S., Martin, G., & Page, A. (2016). Suicidal ideation, suicide attempts and non-suicidal self-injury among lesbian, gay, and bisexual and heterosexual adults: Findings from an Australian national study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 50(2), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867415615949
- Whitaker, C., Stevelink, S., & Fear, N. (2017). The use of Facebook in recruiting participants for health research purposes: A systematic review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(8), e290. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.7071
- Williams, K. A., & Chapman, M. V. (2011). Comparing health and mental health needs, service use, and barriers to services among sexual minority youth and their peers. Health & Social Work, 36(3), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/36.3.197