127
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original article

Cognitive processing of HIV stigma and its association with posttraumatic growth: a reflexive thematic analysis

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 377-390 | Received 02 Mar 2023, Accepted 27 Sep 2023, Published online: 15 Oct 2023

References

  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners (1st ed.). Sage.
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2020). One size fits all? What counts as quality practice in (reflexive) thematic analysis? Qualitative Research in Psychology, 18(3), 328–352. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2020.1769238
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Can I use TA? Should I use TA? Should I not use TA? Comparing reflexive thematic analysis and other pattern-based qualitative analytic approaches. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 21(1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/capr.12360
  • Braun, V., Clarke, V., Hayfield, N., & Terry, G. (2019). Thematic analysis. In P. Liamputtong (Ed.), Handbook of research methods in health social sciences (pp. 843–860). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_103
  • Brinsdon, A., Abel, G., & Desrosiers, J. (2017). “I’m taking control”: How people living with HIV/AIDS manage stigma in health interactions. AIDS Care, 29(2), 185–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1204420
  • Brooks, M., Graham-Kevan, N., Robinson, S., & Lowe, M. (2017). Rumination, event centrality, and perceived control as predictors of post-traumatic growth and distress: The cognitive growth and stress model. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56(3), 286–302. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12138
  • Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2006). The handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Calhoun, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2013). Posttraumatic growth in clinical practice. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203629048
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). About HIV/AIDS. Retrieved May, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html
  • Chi, D. (2020). Posttraumatic growth in people living with HIV [Unpublished doctoral thesis dissertation]. Massey University.
  • Chi, D., de Terte, I., & Gardner, D. (2022). Posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress symptoms in people with HIV. AIDS and Behavior, 26(11), 3688–3699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-022-03697-3
  • David, G., Shakespeare-Finch, J., & Krosch, D. (2022). Testing theoretical predictors of posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress symptoms. Psychological Trauma, 14(3), 399–409. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000777
  • Davis, C. G., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Larson, J. (1998). Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: Two construals of meaning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(2), 561–574. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.2.561
  • Dibb, B., & Kamalesh, T. (2012). Exploring positive adjustment in HIV positive African women living in the UK. AIDS Care, 24(2), 143–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2011.597710
  • Dickson, N., Lee, B., Foster, T., & Saxton, P. J. (2015). The first 30 years of HIV in New Zealand: Review of the epidemiology. The New Zealand Medical Journal, 128(1426), 31–48.
  • Drewes, J., Langer, P. C., Ebert, J., Kleiber, D., & Gusy, B. (2021). Associations between experienced and internalized HIV stigma, adversarial growth, and health outcomes in a nationwide sample of people aging with HIV in Germany. AIDS and Behavior, 25(4), 1037–1046. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-020-03061-3
  • Dunbar, H. T., Mueller, C. W., Medina, C., & Wolf, T. (1998). Psychological and spiritual growth in women living with HIV. Social Work, 43(2), 144–154. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/43.2.144
  • Elliott, R., Fischer, C. T., & Rennie, D. L. (1999). Evolving guidelines for publication of qualitative research studies in psychology and related fields. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(3), 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466599162782
  • Fauk, N. K., Merry, M. S., & Mwanri, L. (2021). Meaning-making as a coping strategy among transgender women living with HIV in Indonesia. AIDS Care, 33(2), 167–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1716934
  • Garrido-Hernansaiz, H., Alonso-Tapia, J., & Murphy, P. J. (2017). Predictors of resilience and posttraumatic growth among people living with HIV: A longitudinal study. AIDS and Behavior, 21(11), 3260–3270. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-017-1870-y
  • Gayner, B., Esplen, M. J., DeRoche, P., Wong, J., Bishop, S., Kavanagh, L., & Butler, K. (2012). A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based stress reduction to manage affective symptoms and improve quality of life in gay men living with HIV. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 35(3), 272–285. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-011-9350-8
  • Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. NJ. Prentice-Hall.
  • Gul, E., & Karanci, A. N. (2017). What determines posttraumatic stress and growth following various traumatic events? A study in a Turkish community sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 30(1), 54–62. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22161
  • Hamby, S., Taylor, E., Segura, A., & Weber, M. (2022). A dual-factor model of posttraumatic responses: Which is better, high posttraumatic growth or low symptoms? Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice and Policy, 14(S1), S148–S156. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001122
  • Janoff-Bulman, R. (1992). Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma. Free Press.
  • Kalomo, E. N. (2018). Associations between HIV-related stigma, self-esteem, social support, and depressive symptoms in Namibia. Aging & Mental Health, 22(12), 1570–1576. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2017.1387763
  • Kamen, C., Vorasarun, C., Canning, T., Kienitz, E., Weiss, C., Flores, S., Etter, D., Lee, S., & Gore-Felton, C. (2016). The impact of stigma and social support on development of post-traumatic growth among persons living with HIV. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 23(2), 126–134. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10880-015-9447-2
  • Levenson, M. R., Jennings, P. A., Aldwin, C. M., & Shiraishi, R. W. (2005). Self-transcendence: Conceptualization and measurement. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 60(2), 127–143. https://doi.org/10.2190/xrxm-fyra-7u0x-grc0
  • Locke, K. D. (2003). Status and solidarity in social comparison: Agentic and communal values and vertical and horizontal directions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 619–631. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.619
  • Logie, C., & Gadalla, T. M. (2009). Meta-analysis of health and demographic correlates of stigma towards people living with HIV. AIDS Care, 21(6), 742–753. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120802511877
  • Madill, A., Jordan, A., & Shirley, C. (2000). Objectivity and reliability in qualitative analysis: Realist, contextualist and radical constructionist epistemologies. British Journal of Psychology, 91(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1348/000712600161646
  • Mak, W. W. S., Cheung, R. Y. M., Law, R. W., Woo, J., Li, P. C. K., & Chung, R. W. Y. (2007). Examining attribution model of self-stigma on social support and psychological well-being among people with HIV+/AIDS. Social Science & Medicine, 64(8), 1549–1559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.12.003
  • Milam, J. E. (2004). Posttraumatic growth among HIV/AIDS patients. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(11), 2353–2376. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb01981.x
  • Milam, J. E. (2006a). Positive changes attributed to the challenge of HIV/AIDS. In L. G. Calhoun & R. G. Tedeschi (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice (pp. 214–224). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Milam, J. E. (2006b). Posttraumatic growth and HIV disease progression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), 817–827. Special Section: Benefit-Finding. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.817
  • Mosack, K. E., Abbott, M., Singer, M., Weeks, M. R., & Rohena, L. (2005). If I didn’t have HIV, I’d be dead now: Illness narratives of drug users living with HIV/AIDS. Qualitative Health Research, 15(5), 586–605. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732304271749
  • Moskowitz, J. T., Duncan, L. G., Moran, P. J., Acree, M., Epel, E. S., Kemeny, M. E., Hecht, F. M., & Folkman, S. (2015). Dispositional mindfulness in people with HIV: Associations with psychological and physical health. Personality and Individual Differences, 86, 88–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.05.039
  • Mphande Finn, J. T., & Sommers-Flanagan, J. (2007). The experience of HIV/AIDS among rural women in the Northwestern United States: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Community Psychology, 35(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20130
  • Mundt, S., & Briggs, S. (2016). HIV-related stigma and discrimination in the New Zealand healthcare setting: A mixed-methods study. Sexual Health, 13(6), 582–588. https://doi.org/10.1071/SH16063
  • Murphy, P. J., & Hevey, D. (2013). The relationship between internalised HIV-related stigma and posttraumatic growth. AIDS and Behavior, 17(5), 1809–1818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0482-4
  • Neimeyer, R. A. (2006). Re-storying loss: Fostering growth in the posttraumatic narrative. In L. G. Calhoun & R. G. Tedeschi (Eds.), Handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice (1st ed., pp. 68–80). Routledge.
  • Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative evaluation and research methods (4th ed.). Sage.
  • Pearshouse, R. (2008). Switzerland: Statement on sexual transmission of HIV by people on ART. HIV/AIDS Policy & Law Review, 13(1), 37–38.
  • Pięta, M., & Rzeszutek, M. (2022). Posttraumatic growth and well-being among people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis in recognition of 40 years of HIV/AIDS. Quality of Life Research, 31(5), 1269–1288. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-021-02990-3
  • Positive Speakers Bureau. (2021). Our history. Retrieved May, 2022, from https://positivespeakers.org.nz/about-us#our-history
  • Raker, A. R., Feldman, M. B., Hile, S. J., & Chandraratna, S. (2020). Positive side effects: The perceived health and psychosocial benefits of delivering an HIV self-management program for peer educators living with HIV. The Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care: JANAC, 31(5), 517–525. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnc.0000000000000102
  • Rueda, S., Mitra, S., Chen, S., Gogolishvili, D., Globerman, J., Chambers, L., Wilson, M., Logie, C. H., Shi, Q., Morassaei, S., & Rourke, S. B. (2016). Examining the associations between HIV-related stigma and health outcomes in people living with HIV/AIDS: A series of meta-analyses. British Medical Journal Open, 6(7), e011453. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011453
  • Sawyer, A., Ayers, S., & Field, A. P. (2010). Posttraumatic growth and adjustment among individuals with cancer or HIV/AIDS: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(4), 436–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.02.004
  • Saxton, P. J., Dickson, N. P., McAllister, S. M., Hughes, A. J., & Sharples, K. (2012). HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men in New Zealand 1985-2009: 25 years of public health monitoring. International Journal of STD & AIDS, 23(4), 274–279. https://doi.org/10.1258/ijsa.2011.011213
  • Schaefer, S., & Coleman, E. (1992). Shifts in meaning, purpose, and values following a diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among gay men. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 5(1–2), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v05n01_02
  • Schaefer, J. A., & Moos, R. H. (1992). Life crises and personal growth. In B. N. Carpenter (Ed.), Personal coping: Theory, research, and application (pp. 149–170). Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Schwartzberg, S. S. (1994). Vitality and growth in HIV-infected gay men. Social Science & Medicine, 38(4), 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)90256-9
  • Shand, L. K., Cowlishaw, S., Brooker, J. E., Burney, S., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2015). Correlates of post‐traumatic stress symptoms and growth in cancer patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Psycho‐Oncology, 24(6), 624–634. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.3719
  • Sherman, D. K., & Cohen, G. L. (2006). The psychology of self‐defense: Self‐affirmation theory. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 183–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38004-5
  • Siegel, K., & Schrimshaw, E. W. (2000). Perceiving benefits in adversity: Stress-related growth in women living with HIV/AIDS. Social Science & Medicine, 51(10), 1543–1554. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00144-1
  • Siegel, K., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Pretter, S. (2005). Stress-related growth among women living with HIV/AIDS: Examination of an explanatory model. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28(5), 403–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10865-005-9015-6
  • Taylor, S. E., Wood, J. V., & Lichtman, R. R. (1983). It could be worse: Selective evaluation as a response to victimization. Journal of Social Issues, 39(2), 19–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1983.tb00139.x
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (1995). Trauma & transformation: Growing in the aftermath of suffering. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483326931
  • Tedeschi, R. G., & Calhoun, L. G. (2004). Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry, 15(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli1501_01
  • Tedeschi, R. G., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Taku, K., & Calhoun, L. G. (2018). Posttraumatic growth: Theory, research, and applications. Routledge.
  • Terry, G., Hayfield, N., Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2017). Thematic analysis. In C. Willig & R. W. Stainton (Eds.), The sage handbook of qualitative research in psychology (2nd ed., pp. 17–37). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526405555.n2
  • Tracy, S. J. (2010). Qualitative quality: Eight “big-tent” criteria for excellent qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 16(10), 837–851. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800410383121
  • Tran, B. X., Phan, H. T., Latkin, C. A., Nguyen, H. L. T., Hoang, C. L., Ho, C. S. H., & Ho, R. C. M. (2019). Understanding global HIV stigma and discrimination: Are contextual factors sufficiently studied? (GAPRESEARCH). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(11), 1899. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111899
  • Trapnell, P. D., & Campbell, J. D. (1999). Private self-consciousness and the five-factor model of personality: Distinguishing rumination from reflection. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(2), 284–304. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.2.284
  • Vago, D. R., & Silbersweig, D. A. (2012). Self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART): A framework for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6. Article 296. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00296
  • Willig, C. (2012). Qualitative interpretation and analysis in psychology. McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Yardley, L. (2017). Demonstrating the validity of qualitative research. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 12(3), 295–296. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2016.1262624
  • Zeligman, M., Barden, S. M., & Hagedorn, W. B. (2016). Posttraumatic growth and HIV: A study on associations of stigma and social support. Journal of Counseling & Development, 94(2), 141–149. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12071

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.