462
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Perceptions of mental health and illness amongst Australian Ismaili Muslim youth

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 185-199 | Received 27 Oct 2021, Accepted 10 Mar 2024, Published online: 08 Apr 2024

References

  • Abu Raiya, H., & Pargament, K. I. (2010). Religiously integrated psychotherapy with Muslim clients: From research to practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 41(2), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017988
  • Abu-Raiya, H., & Pargament, K. I. (2015). Religious coping among diverse religions: Commonalities and divergences. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 7(1), 24–33. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037652
  • Abu-Rayya, M. H., Walker, R., White, F. A., & Abu-Rayya, H. M. (2016). Cultural identification and religious identification contribute differentially to the adaptation of Australian adolescent Muslims. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 54, 21–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.07.002
  • Abu‐Raiya, H., Ayten, A., Tekke, M., & Agbaria, Q. (2019). On the links between positive religious coping, satisfaction with life and depressive symptoms among a multinational sample of Muslims. International Journal of Psychology, 54(5), 678–686. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12521
  • Adam, Z., & Ward, C. (2016). Stress, religious coping and wellbeing in acculturating Muslims. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0010.201
  • Ahmed, S., & Reddy, L. A. (2007). Understanding the mental health needs of American Muslims: Recommendations and considerations for practice. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 35(4), 207–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1912.2007.tb00061.x
  • Al-Adawi, S., Dorvlo, A. S., Al-Ismaily, S. S., Al-Ghafry, D. A., Al-Noobi, B. Z., Al-Salmi, A., Burke, D. T., Shah, M. K., Ghassany, H., & Chand, S. P. (2002). Perception of and attitude towards mental illness in Oman. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 48(4), 305–317. https://doi.org/10.1177/002076402128783334
  • Alexander, L., & Link, B. (2003). The impact of contact on stigmatizing attitudes towards people with mental illness. Journal of Mental Health, 12(3), 271–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/0963823031000118267
  • Ali, S., Elsayed, D., Elahi, S., Zia, B., & Awaad, R. (2022). Predicting rejection attitudes toward utilizing formal mental health services in Muslim women in the US: Results from the Muslims’ perceptions and attitudes to mental health study. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 68(3), 662–669. https://doi.org/10.1177/00207640211001084
  • Aly, A. (2007). Australian Muslim responses to the discourse on terrorism in the Australian popular media. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 42(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1839-4655.2007.tb00037.x
  • Amer, M. M. (2005). Arab American mental health in the post September 11 era: Acculturation, stress, and coping [ Doctoral dissertation, University of Toledo].
  • Amer, M. M., & Hovey, J. D. (2007). Socio-demographic differences in acculturation and mental health for a sample of 2nd generation/early immigrant Arab Americans. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 9(4), 335–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-007-9045-y
  • Amnesty International. (2015, May 13). Pakistan: Attack on Ismaili Shi’a Muslims in Karachi is a product of “climate of impugnity”. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2015/05/pakistan-attack-on-ismaili-shia-muslims-in-karachi-is-product-of-climate-of-impunity/
  • Asani, A. (2010). From Satpanthi to Ismaili Muslim: The articulation of Ismaili Khoja identity in South Asia. In F. Daftary (Ed.), A modern history of the Ismailis: Continuity and change in a Muslim community (pp. 95–128). Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Asghari-Fard, M., & Hossain, S. Z. (2017). Identity construction of second-generation Iranians in Australia: Influences and perspectives. Social Identities, 23(2), 126–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2016.1207515
  • Asvat, Y., & Malcarne, V. (2008). Acculturation and depressive symptoms in Muslim university students: Personal-family acculturation match. International Journal of Psychology, 43(2), 114–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590601126668
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2022a, July 22). National study of health and wellbeing. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/health/mental-health/national-study-mental-health-and-wellbeing/latest-release
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2022b, September 20). Cultural diversity of Australia. https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/cultural-diversity-australia
  • Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2022c, June 28). 2021 census shows changes in Australia’s religious diversity. https://www.abs.gov.au/media-centre/media-releases/2021-census-shows-changes-australias-religious-diversity
  • Bagasra, A., & Mackinem, M. (2014). An exploratory study of American Muslim conceptions of mental illness. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0008.104
  • Bairami, K., Spivak, B. L., Burke, L. M., & Shepherd, S. M. (2021). Exploring mental illness attributions and treatment-seeking beliefs in a diverse Muslim-Australian sample. Clinical Psychologist, 25(1), 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/13284207.2021.1929143
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of self control. Freeman.
  • Bansal, N., Bhopal, R., Netto, G., Lyons, D., Steiner, M. F., & Sashidharan, S. P. (2014). Disparate patterns of hospitalisation reflect unmet needs and persistent ethnic inequalities in mental health care: The Scottish health and ethnicity linkage study. Ethnicity & Health, 19(2), 217–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2013.814764
  • Bansal, N., Karlsen, S., Sashidharan, S. P., Cohen, R., Chew-Graham, C. A., & Malpass, A. (2022). Understanding ethnic inequalities in mental healthcare in the UK: A meta-ethnography. PLoS Medicine, 19(12), e1004139. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004139
  • Banting, K., & Kymlicka, W. (2010). Canadian multiculturalism: Global anxieties and local debates. British Journal of Canadian Studies, 23(1), 43–72. https://doi.org/10.3828/bjcs.2010.3
  • Baxter, J., Kingi, T. K., Tapsell, R., Durie, M., & Mcgee, M. A. (2006). Prevalence of mental disorders among Māori in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand mental health survey. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 40(10), 914–923. https://doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01911.x
  • Beiser, M., & Hou, F. (2016). Mental health effects of premigration trauma and postmigration discrimination on refugee youth in Canada. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 204(6), 464–470. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000516
  • Beliappa, J. (1991). Illness or distress? Alternative models of mental health. Peterson.
  • Berry, J. W. (1992). Cultural transformation and psychological acculturation. In J. Burnet, D. Juteau, E. Padolsky, A. Rasporich, & A. Sirois (Eds.), Migration and the transformation of cultures (pp. 23–54). Multicultural History Society of Toronto.
  • Berry, J. W., & Hou, F. (2017). Acculturation, discrimination and wellbeing among second generation of immigrants in Canada. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 61, 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2017.08.003
  • Bhimani, S. (2019). The spacialization of modern, liberal Muslims with the Canadian nation: An animation of Ismaili Muslim exceptionality. Social Identities, 25(2), 224–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2017.1414593
  • Bhugra, D. (2004). Migration and mental health. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 109(4), 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0001-690X.2003.00246.x
  • Bhugra, D., & Bhui, K. (2003). Eating disorders in teenagers in East London: A survey. European Eating Disorders Review: The Professional Journal of the Eating Disorders Association, 11(1), 46–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.486
  • Bhugra, D., & Bhui, K. (Eds.). (2018). Textbook of cultural psychiatry (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Bhui, K., Stansfeld, S., Head, J., Haines, M., Hillier, S., Taylor, S., Viner, R., & Booy, R. (2005). Cultural identity, acculturation, and mental health among adolescents in east London’s multiethnic community. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 59(4), 296–302. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2003.014456
  • Bolander, B. (2016). English and the transnational Ismaili Muslim community: Identity, the Aga Khan, and infrastructure. Language in Society, 45(4), 583–604. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404516000439
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2019). Reflecting on reflexive thematic analysis. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 11(4), 589–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1628806
  • Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). To saturate or not to saturate? Questioning data saturation as a useful concept for thematic analysis and sample-size rationales. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise, and Health, 13(2), 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1704846
  • Breakwell, G. M. (1986). Coping with threatened identities. Methuen.
  • Breakwell, G. M. (1993). Social representations and social identity. Papers on Social Representation, 2(3), 1–19.
  • Burr, J., & Chapman, T. (2004). Contextualising experiences of depression in women from South Asian communities: A discursive approach. Sociology of Health & Illness, 26(4), 433–452. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0141-9889.2004.00398.x
  • Cauce, A. M., Domenech-Rodríguez, M., Paradise, M., Cochran, B. N., Shea, J. M., Srebnik, D., & Baydar, N. (2002). Cultural and contextual influences in mental health help seeking: A focus on ethnic minority youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(1), 44–55. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.70.1.44
  • Chaudhury, S. R. (2011). Attitudes towards the diagnosis and treatment of depression among South Asian Muslim Americans [ Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Columbia University.
  • Choy, B., Arunachalam, K., Gupta, S., Taylor, M., & Lee, A. (2021). Systematic review: Acculturation strategies and their impact on the mental health of migrant populations. Public Health in Practice, 2, 100069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhip.2020.100069
  • Ciftci, A., Jones, N., & Corrigan, P. W. (2013). Mental health stigma in the Muslim community. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0007.102
  • Cinnirella, M., & Loewenthal, K. M. (1999). Religious and ethnic group influences on beliefs about mental illness: A qualitative interview study. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 72(4), 505–524. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711299160202
  • Collins, M. E., & Mowbray, C. T. (2005). Higher education and psychiatric disabilities: National survey of campus disability services. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(2), 304–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.75.2.304
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Sage.
  • Damani-Khoja, N. (2018). Mental health help-seeking in South Asian American Muslims: The role of cultural beliefs, attitudes, and knowledge [ Doctoral dissertation, University of Houston].
  • Davis, R. E., Couper, M. P., Janz, N. K., Caldwell, C. H., & Resnicow, K. (2009). Interviewer effects in public health surveys. Health Education Research, 25(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyp046
  • Dein, S., Alexander, M., & Napier, A. D. (2008). Jinn, psychiatry and contested notions of misfortune among east London Bangladeshis. Transcultural Psychiatry, 45(1), 31–55. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461507087997
  • Dickson, J. N. N. M., Cruise, K., McCall, C. A., & Taylor, P. J. (2019). A systematic review of the antecedents and prevalence of suicide, self-harm and suicide ideation in Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander youth. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(17), 3154. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173154
  • Do, M., Pham, N. N. K., Wallick, S., & Nastasi, B. K. (2014). Perceptions of mental illness and related stigma among Vietnamese populations: Findings from a mixed method study. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 16(6), 1294–1298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-014-0018-7
  • Farooqi, Y. N. (2006). Understanding Islamic perspective of mental health and psychotherapy. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 16(1), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2006.10820109
  • Ghaffar-Kucher, A. (2015). ‘Narrow-minded and oppressive’or a ‘superior culture’? Implications of divergent representations of Islam for Pakistani-American youth. Race Ethnicity and Education, 18(2), 202–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2014.889111
  • Gilbert, P., Gilbert, J., & Sanghera, J. (2004). A focus group exploration on the impact of izzat, shame, subordination and entrapment on mental health service and use in South Asian women living in Derby. Mental Health, Religion, & Culture, 7(2), 109–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670310001602418
  • Goforth, A. N., Oka, E. R., Leong, F. T., & Denis, D. J. (2014). Acculturation, acculturative stress, religiosity and psychological adjustment among Muslim Arab American adolescents. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0008.202
  • Gunson, D., Nuttall, L., Akhtar, S., Khan, A., Avian, G., & Thomas, L. (2019). Spiritual beliefs and mental health: A study of Muslim women in Glasgow. UWS-Oxfam Partnership. https://oxfampartnership.uws.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Spiritual-Beliefs-and-Mental-Health-Final-Report.pdf
  • Haque, A. (2004). Religion and mental health: The case of American Muslims. Journal of Religion and Health, 43(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JORH.0000009755.25256.71
  • Husain, M. I., Chaudhry, I. B., Rahman, R. R., Hamirani, M. M., Mehmood, N., Haddad, P. M., Hodsoll, J., Young, A. H., Naeem, F., & Husain, N. (2017). Pilot study of a culturally adapted psychoeducation (CaPE) intervention for bipolar disorder in Pakistan. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders, 5(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40345-017-0074-8
  • Jaspal, R. (2020). Content analysis, thematic analysis and discourse analysis. In G. M. Breakwell, D. B. Wright, & J. Barnett (Eds.), Research methods in psychology (5th ed., pp. 285–312). Sage.
  • Jorm, A., & Kitchener, B. A. (2020). Increases in youth mental health services in Australia: Have they had an impact on youth population mental health? Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 55(5), 476–484. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004867420976861
  • Kassam‐Khamis, T., Judd, P. A., & Thomas, J. E. (2000). Frequency of consumption and nutrient composition of composite dishes commonly consumed in the UK by South Asian Muslims originating from Bangladesh, Pakistan and East Africa (Ismailis). Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 13(3), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-277x.2000.00230.x
  • Khan, F., Khan, M., Soyege, H. O., Maklad, S., & Center, K. (2019). Evaluation of factors affecting attitudes of Muslim Americans toward seeking and using formal mental health services. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0013.201
  • Khawaja, N. G. (2007). The predictors of psychological distress among Muslim migrants in Australia. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 2(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564900701238526
  • Khawaja, N. G., & Khawaja, S. (2016). Acculturative issues of Muslims in Australia. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 10(2), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0010.203
  • Khuwaja, S. A., Selwyn, B. J., Kapadia, A., McCurdy, S., & Khuwaja, A. (2007). Pakistani Ismaili Muslim adolescent females living in the United States of America: Stresses associated with the process of adaptation to US culture. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 9(1), 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-006-9013-y
  • Laird, L. D., De Marrais, J., & Barnes, L. L. (2007). Portraying Islam and Muslims in MEDLINE: A content analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 65(12), 2425–2439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.07.029
  • Liang, J., Matheson, B. E., & Douglas, J. M. (2016). Mental health diagnostic considerations in racial/ethnic minority youth. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(6), 1926–1940. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0351-z
  • Lim, A., Hoek, H. W., & Blom, J. D. (2015). The attribution of psychotic symptoms to jinn in Islamic patients. Transcultural Psychiatry, 52(1), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461514543146
  • Maiya, S., Killoren, S. E., Monk, J. K., Kline, G. C., & Chavez, F. L. C. (2021). Latino/a young adults’ experiences of acculturative stress, depressive symptoms, and romantic relationship commitment: Ethnic identity as protective. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(5), 1738–1749. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407521996472
  • Marsella, A., & White, G. (1982). Cultural conceptions of mental health and therapy. D. Reidel Publishing Company.
  • McClelland, A., Khanam, S., & Furnham, A. (2014). Cultural and age differences in beliefs about depression: British Bangladeshis vs. British Whites. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 17(3), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2013.785710
  • Merchant, N. H. (2016). Between a rock and a hard place: Shia Ismaili Muslim girls negotiate Islam in the classroom. Diaspora, Indigenous, and Minority Education, 10(2), 98–111. https://doi.org/10.1080/15595692.2015.1084918
  • Miething, A., Almquist, Y. B., Östberg, V., Rostila, M., Edling, C., & Rydgren, J. (2016). Friendship networks and psychological well-being from late adolescence to young adulthood: A gender-specific structural equation modeling approach. BMC Psychology, 4(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-016-0143-2
  • Mitha, K. (2020). Conceptualising and addressing mental disorders amongst Muslim communities: Approaches from the Islamic golden age. Transcultural Psychiatry, 57(6), 763–774. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461520962603
  • Mitha, K., & Adatia, S. (2016). The faith community and mental health resilience amongst Australian Ismaili Muslim youth. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 19(2), 192–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2016.1144732
  • Mitha, K., Adatia, S., & Jaspal, R. (2020). The construction of national and religious identities amongst Australian Isma’ili Muslims. Social Identities, 26(6), 791–810. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2020.1814718
  • Modood, T., Berthoud, R., Lakey, J., Nazroo, J., Smith, P., Virdee, S., & Beishon, S. (1997). Ethnic minorities in Britain: Diversity and disadvantage. Policy Studies Institute.
  • Mukadam, A., & Mawani, S. (2006). Post-diasporic Indian communities: A new generation. In S. Coleman & P. Collins (Eds.), Locating the field: Metaphors of space, place and context in anthropology (pp. 195–210). Berg.
  • Mukadam, A., & Mawani, S. (2009). Excess baggage or precious gems? The migrations of cultural commodities. In R. Gale & P. Hopkins (Eds.), Muslims in Britain: Race, place, and identities (pp. 150–168). Edinburgh University Press.
  • Mussap, A. J. (2009). Acculturation, body image, and eating behaviours in Muslim-Australian women. Health & Place, 15(2), 532–539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2008.08.008
  • Neale, J., Worrell, M., & Randhawa, G. (2009). Breaking down barriers to accessing mental health support services‐a qualitative study among young South Asian and African‐Caribbean communities in Luton. Journal of Public Mental Health, 8(2), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1108/17465729200900010
  • Patel, V., Flisher, A. J., Hetrick, S., & McGorry, P. (2007). Mental health of young people: A global public-health challenge. The Lancet, 369(9569), 1302–1313. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60368-7
  • Patton, C. (2014). Multicultural citizenship and religiosity: Young Australian Muslims forging a sense of belonging after 9/11. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 35(1), 107–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/07256868.2013.864626
  • Pilkington, A., Msetfi, R. M., & Watson, R. (2012). Factors affecting intention to access psychological services amongst British Muslims of South Asian origin. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 15(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2010.545947
  • Pratt, R., Fadumo, A., Hang, M., Osman, S., & Raymond, N. (2016). Perceptions of mental illness in the Somali community in Minnesota. International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care, 12(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMHSC-04-2014-0011
  • Rassool, G. H. (2015). Cultural competence in counseling the Muslim patient: Implications for mental health. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 29(5), 321–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2015.05.009
  • Rothman, A., & Coyle, A. (2018). Toward a framework for Islamic psychology and psychotherapy: An Islamic model of the soul. Journal of Religion and Health, 57(5), 1731–1744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0651-x
  • Rothman, A., & Coyle, A. (2020). Conceptualizing an Islamic psychotherapy: A grounded theory study. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 7(3), 197. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000219
  • Skinner, R. (2019). Traditions, paradigms and basic concepts in Islamic psychology. Journal of Religion and Health, 58(4), 1087–1094. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0595-1
  • Solberg, V. S., & Viliarreal, P. (1997). Examination of self-efficacy, social support, and stress as predictors of psychological and physical distress among Hispanic college students. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 19(2), 182–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/07399863970192006
  • Steinberg, J. (2011). Isma’ili modern: Globalization and identity in a Muslim community. Univ of North Carolina Press.
  • Stuart, J., & Ward, C. (2018). The relationships between religiosity, stress, and mental health for Muslim immigrant youth. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 21(3), 246–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2018.1462781
  • Syed, E. U., Hussain, S. A., & Yousafzai, A. W. (2007). Developing services with limited resources: Establishing a CAMH in Pakistan. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 12(3), 121–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2006.00429.x
  • Valentín‐Cortés, M., Benavides, Q., Bryce, R., Rabinowitz, E., Rion, R., Lopez, W. D., & Fleming, P. J. (2020). Application of the minority stress theory: Understanding the mental health of undocumented latinx immigrants. American Journal of Community Psychology, 66(3–4), 325–336. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12455
  • Versi, S. (2010). Make this your home: The impact of religion on acculturation: The case of the Canadian Khoja Nizari Ismailis from East Africa [ Master’s thesis, Queen’s University]. QSpace: Queen’s Scholarship & Digital Collections. https://bit.ly/2U3wI9v
  • Walpole, S. C., McMillan, D., House, A., Cottrell, D., & Mir, G. (2012). Interventions for treating depression in Muslim patients: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 145(1), 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.06.035
  • Weatherhead, S., & Daiches, A. (2010). Muslim views on mental health and psychotherapy. Psychology & Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 83(1), 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608309X467807
  • Westad, K. (2015). The silent epidemic. UVic Knowledge, 15(4). https://bit.ly/2ROWtti
  • Wright, M., Crisp, N., Newnham, E., Flavell, H., & Lin, A. (2020). Addressing mental health in aboriginal young people in Australia. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(10), 826–827. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30515-2
  • Wu, Q., Ge, T., Emond, A., Foster, K., Gatt, J. M., Hadfield, K., Mason-Jones, A. J., Reid, S., Theron, L., Ungar, M., & Wouldes, T. A. (2018). Acculturation, resilience, and the mental health of migrant youth: A cross-country comparative study. Public Health, 162, 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2018.05.006
  • Younis, T. (2021). Politicizing Muslim mental health toward a decolonial framework. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 15(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.143