Ecomorphological patterns in the Blackcap Sylvia atricapilla: insular versus mainland populations

REFERENCES

• Berthold, P. & Helbig, A. 1992. The genetics of bird migration: stimulus, timing, and direction. Ibis 134: 35–40. doi: 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1992.tb04731.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BirdLife International & NatureServe. 2001. Bird Species Distribution Maps of the World. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK & NatureServe, Arlington, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Boessenkool, S., Taylor, S.S., Tepolt, C.K., Komdeur, J. & Jamieson, I.G. 2007. Large mainland populations of South Island robins retain greater genetic diversity than offshore island refuges. Conserv. Genet. 8: 705–714. doi: 10.1007/s10592-006-9219-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourne, W.R.P. 1955. The birds of Cape Verde islands. Ibis 97: 508–556. doi: 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1955.tb04981.x
   Google Scholar
• Bowlin, M.S. & Wikelski, M. 2008. Pointed wings, low wingloading and calm air reduce migratory flight costs in songbirds. PlosOne 3: e2154. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyer, A.G. & Jetz, W. 2010. Biogeography of body size in Pacific island birds. Ecography 33: 369–379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buxton, E.J.M. 1960. Winter notes from Madeira. Ibis 102: 127–129. doi: 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1960.tb05101.x
   Google Scholar
• Cantos, F.J. 1995. Migración e invernada de la curruca capirotada (Sylvia atricapilla). Ecología 9: 425–433.
   Google Scholar
• Cardoso, P., Arnedo, M.A., Triantis, K.A. & Borges, P.A.V. 2010. Drivers of diversity in Macaronesian spiders and the role of species extinctions. J. Biogeogr. 37: 1034–1046. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02264.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catry, P., Costa, H., Elias, G. & Matias, R. 2010. Aves de Portugal, ornitologia do território continental. Assírio & Alvim, Lisboa.
   Google Scholar
• Ceia, R., Heleno, R. & Ramos, J.A. 2009. Summer abundance and ecological distribution of passerines in native and exotic forests in São Miguel, Azores. Ardeola 56: 25–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler, C.R. & Mulvihill, R.S. 1988. The use of wing shape indices: An evaluation. Ornis Scand. 19: 212–216. doi: 10.2307/3676561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clegg, S.M. & Owens, I.P.F. 2002. The ‘island rule’ in birds: medium body size and its ecological explanation. Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 269: 1359–1365. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2002.2024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clegg, S.M., Frentiu, F.D., Kikkawa, J., Tavecchia, G. & Owens, I.P.F. 2008. 4000 Years of phenotypic change in an island bird: heterogeneity of selection over three microevolutionary timescales. Evolution 62: 2393–2410. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2008.00437.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darwin, C. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, 1st edn. John Murray, London.
   Google Scholar
• Dietzen, C., Garcia-Del-Rey, E., Castro, G.D. & Wink, M. 2008. Phylogenetic differentiation of Sylvia species (Aves: Passeriformes) of the Atlantic islands (Macaronesia) based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data and morphometrics. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 95: 157–174. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.01005.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drovetski, S.V., Rohwer, S. & Mode, N.A. 2006. Role of sexual and natural selection in evolution of body size and shape: a phylogenetic study of morphological radiation in grouse. J. Evol. Biol. 19: 1083–1091. doi: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01097.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DRRF. 2007. Inventário Florestal da Região Autónoma dos Açores. Secretaria Regional da Agricultura e Florestas – SRAF.
   Google Scholar
• Dudaniec, R.Y., Schlotfeldt, B.E., Bertozzi, T., Donnellan, S.C. & Kleindorfer, S. 2011. Genetic and morphological divergence in island and mainland birds: informing conservation priorities. Biol. Conserv. 144: 2902–2912. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.08.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiedler, W. 2005. Ecomorphology of the external flight apparatus of blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) with different migration behavior. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1046: 253–263. doi: 10.1196/annals.1343.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick, S. 1998. Interspecific variation in wing length and male plumage coloration with migratory behaviour in continental and island populations. J. Avian Biol. 29: 248–256. doi: 10.2307/3677107
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Förschler, M.I. & Siebenrock, K.H. 2007. Morphological differentiation of mainland Citril Finches, Carduelis [citrinella] citrinella and insular Corsican (Citril) Finches, Carduelis [citrinella] corsicanus. Bonner zoologische Beiträge 55: 159–162.
   Google Scholar
• Förschler, M.I., Siebenrock, K.H. & Coppack, T. 2008. Corsican Finches have less pointed wings than their migratory congeners on the mainland. Vie et Milieu 58: 277–281.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galligan, T.H., Donnellan, S.C., Sulloway, F.J., Fitch, A.J., Bertozzi, T. & Kleindorfer, S. 2012. Panmixia supports divergence with gene flow in Darwin's small ground finch, Geospiza fuliginosa, on Santa Cruz, Galápagos Islands. Mol. Ecol. 21: 2106–2115. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05511.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, P.R. 1979. Evolution of the chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs, on the Atlantic Islands. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 11: 301–332. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1979.tb00042.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Instituto Hidrográfico da Marinha. 2006. World Vector Shoreline, version 1.3. Instituto Hidrográfico da Marinha [Download]. Retrieved from http://www.hidrografico.pt/download-gratuito.php.
   Google Scholar
• Jenni, L. & Winkler, R. 1989. The feather-length of small passerines: a measurement for wing-length in live birds and museum skins. Bird Study 36: 1–15. doi: 10.1080/00063658909476996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komdeur, J., Piersma, T., Kraaijeveld, K., Kraaijeveld-Smit, F. & Richardson, D.S. 2004. Why Seychelles Warblers fail to recolonize nearby islands: unwilling or unable to fly there? Ibis 146: 298–302. doi: 10.1046/j.1474-919X.2004.00255.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockwood, R., Swaddle, J.P. & Rayner, J.M.V. 1998. Avian wingtip shape reconsidered: wingtip shape indices and morphological adaptations to migration. J. Avian Biol. 29: 273–292. doi: 10.2307/3677110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lomolino, M.V. 2005. Body size evolution in insular vertebrates: generality of the island rule. J. Biogeogr. 32: 1683–1699. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01314.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathys, B.A. & Lockwood, J.L. 2011. Contemporary morphological diversification of passerine birds introduced to the Hawaiian archipelago. Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 278: 2392–2400. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2010.2302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClain, C.R., Durst, P.A.P., Boyer, A.G. & Francis, C.D. 2013. Unravelling the determinants of insular body size shifts. Biol. Lett. 9(1): doi:10.1098/rsbl.2012.0989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNab, B.K. 2002. Minimizing energy expenditure facilitates vertebrate persistence on oceanic islands. Ecol. Lett. 5: 693–704. doi: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00365.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meiri, S., Dayan, T. & Simberloff, D. 2006. The generality of the island rule reexamined. J. Biogeogr. 33: 1571–1577. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01523.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meiri, S., Cooper, N. & Purvis, A. 2008. The island rule: made to be broken? Proc. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci. 275: 141–148. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2007.1056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merilä, J. & Sheldon, B.C. 2001. Avian quantitative genetics. In Nolan, V. Jr & Thompson, C.F. (eds) Current Ornithology, Vol. 16: 179–255. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Mönkkönen, M. 1995. Do migrant birds have more pointed wings? A comparative study. Evol. Ecol. 9: 520–528. doi: 10.1007/BF01237833
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morganti, M., Åkesson, S. & Pulido, F. 2015. Decoupling of behavioural and morphological differentiation in a partially migratory bird population. Bird Study 62: 29–38. doi: 10.1080/00063657.2014.971703
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Tris, J., Bensch, S., Carbonell, R., Helbig, A.J. & Tellería, J.L. 2004. Historical diversification of migration patterns in a passerine bird. Evolution 58: 1819–1832. doi: 10.1554/03-731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, J.M.V. 1988. Form and function in avian flight. In Johnston, R.F. (ed.) Current Ornithology, Vol. 5: 1–66. Plenum, New York, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Rising, J.D. & Somers, K.M. 1989. The measurement of overall body size in birds. Auk 106: 666–674. doi: 10.2307/4087777
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrigues, P. 2012. Phylogeography and genetic diversity of the Azores passerines. PhD Thesis, Universidade dos Açores.
   Google Scholar
• Rodrigues, P., Bried, J., Rodebrand, S. & Cunha, R. 2010. Aves.. In Borges, P.A.V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Gonçalves, V., Martins, A.F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R.F., Santos, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (eds) A List of the Terrestrial and Marine Biota from the Azores, 219–221. Princípia, Cascais.
   Google Scholar
• Saville, D.B.O. 1957. Adaptive evolution in the avian wing. Evolution 11: 212–224. doi: 10.2307/2406051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, S.N., Clegg, S.M., Blomberg, S.P., Kikkawa, J. & Owens, I.P.F. 2003. Morphological shifts in island-dwelling birds: the roles of generalist foraging and niche expansion. Evolution 57: 2147–2156. doi: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2003.tb00392.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirihai, H., Gargallo, G. & Helbig, A.J. 2001. Sylvia Warblers: Identification, Taxonomy and Phylogeny of the Genus Sylvia. Christopher Helm, London.
   Google Scholar
• Spurgin, L.G., Illera, J.C., Jorgensen, T.H., Dawson, D.A. & Richardson, D.S. 2014. Genetic and phenotypic divergence in an island bird: isolation by distance, by colonization or by adaptation? Mol. Ecol. 23: 1028–1039. doi: 10.1111/mec.12672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson, L. 1992. Identification Guide to European Passerines. Lars Svensson, Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Van Valen, L. 1973. Pattern and the balance of nature. Evol. Theor. 1: 31–49.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, N.A. & Steadman, D.W. 2012. Insular avian adaptations on two neotropical continental islands. J. Biogeogr. 39: 1891–1899. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2012.02754.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar