709
Views
72
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The microclimate inhabited by macroalgal propagules

, &
Pages 253-270 | Accepted 20 Nov 1991, Published online: 17 Feb 2007

References

  • Aldredge , A.A. and Silver , M.W. 1988 . Characteristics, dynamics and significance of marine snow . Prog. Oceanog. , 20 : 41 – 82 .
  • Amsler , C.D. 1984 . Culture and field studies of Acinetospora crinita (Carmichael) Sauvageau (Ectocarpaceae, Phaeophyceae) in North Carolina (USA) . Phycologia , 23 : 377 – 382 .
  • Amsler , C.D. and Neushul , M. 1989a . Chemotactic effects of nutrients on spores of the kelps Macrocystis pyrifera and Pterygophora californica . Mar. Biol. , 102 : 557 – 564 .
  • Amsler , C.D. and Neushul , M. 1989b . Diel periodicity of spore release from the kelp Nereocystis luetkeana (Mertens) Postels et Ruprecht . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. , 134 : 117 – 127 .
  • Amsler , C.D. and Neushul , M. 1990 . Nutrient stimulation of spore settlement in the kelps Pterygophora californica and Macrocystis pyrifera . Mar. Biol. , 107 : 297 – 304 .
  • Amsler , C.D. and Neushul , M. 1991 . Photosynthetic physiology and chemical composition of spores of the kelps Macrocystis pyrifera, Nereocystis luetkeana, Laminaria farlowii, and Pterygophora californica (Phaeophyceae) . J. Phycol. , 27 : 26 – 34 .
  • Amsler , C.D. and Searles , R.B. 1980 . Vertical distribution of seaweed spores in a water column offshore of North Carolina . J. Phycol. , 16 : 617 – 619 .
  • Apt , K.E. 1984 . The morphology of Phaeocolax kajimurai (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta), a host specific epiphyte of Lobophora variegata (Phaeophyta) . Phycologia , 23 : 239 – 247 .
  • Baier , R.E. 1980 . “ Substrata influences on adhesion of microorganisms and their resultant new surface properties ” . In Adsorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces , Edited by: Bitton , G. and Marshall , K.C. 59 – 104 . New York : Wiley-Interscience . In
  • Berg , H.C. 1983 . Random Walks in Biology , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
  • Berland , B.R. , Bonin , D.J. and Maestrini , S.Y. 1972 . Are some bacteria toxic for marine algae? . Mar. Biol. , 12 : 189 – 193 .
  • Berner , R.A. 1976 . “ The benthic boundary layer from the viewpoint of a geochemist ” . In The Benthic Boundary Layer , Edited by: McCave , I.N. 33 – 55 . New York : Plenum Press . In
  • Bitton , G. and Marshall , K.C. 1980 . Adsorption of Microorganisms to Surfaces , New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Blackburn , T.H. and Henriksen , K. 1983 . Nitrogen cycling in different types of sediments from Danish waters . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 28 : 477 – 493 .
  • Boland , W. , Marner , F.J. , Jaenicke , L. , Muller , D.G. and Folster , E. 1983 . Comparative receptor study in gamete chemotaxis of the seaweeds Ectocarpus silucolosus and Cutleria multifida: an approach to interspecific communication of algal gametes . Europ J. Biochem. , 134 : 97 – 103 .
  • Boney , A.D. 1978 . The libertion and dispersal of carpospores of the red alga Rhodymenia pertusa (Postels et Rupr.) J. Ag. . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. , 32 : 1 – 6 .
  • Bray , R.N. , Purcell , L.J. and Miller , A.C. 1986 . Ammonium excretion in a temperate-reef community by a planktivirous fish, Chromus punctipinnis (Pomacentridae), and the potential uptake by young giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera (Laminariales) . Mar. Biol. , 90 : 327 – 334 .
  • Buttman , C.A. 1987 . Larval settlement of soft-sediment invertebrates: the spatial scales of pattern explained by active habitat selection and the emerging rôle of hydrodynamical processes . Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. , 25 : 113 – 165 .
  • Chamberlain , A.H.L. and Evans , L.V. 1973 . Aspects of spore production in the red alga Ceramium . Protoplasma , 76 : 139 – 159 .
  • Charters , A.C. , Neushul , M. and Coon , D. 1973 . The effect of water motion on algal spore attachment . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 18 : 884 – 896 .
  • Christie , A.O. 1973 . “ Spore settlement in relation to fouling by Enteromorpha ” . In Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Marine Corrosion and Fouling , Edited by: Acker , R.F. , Brown , B.F. , DePalma , J.R. and Iverson , W.P. Evanston : Northwestern University Press . In
  • Christie , A.O. , Evans , L.V. and Shaw , M. 1970 . Studies on the ship-fouling alga Enteromorpha. II. The effect of certain enzymes on adhesion of zoospores . Ann. Bot. , 34 : 467 – 482 .
  • Christie , A.O. and Shaw , M. 1968 . Settlement experiments with zoospores of Entermorpha intestinalis (L.) Link . Br. phycol. Bull. , 3 : 529 – 534 .
  • Coon , D.A. , Neushul , M. and Charters , A.C. 1972 . The settling behavior of marine algal spores . Proc. Int. Seaweed Symp. , 7 : 237 – 242 .
  • Correa , J.A. and McLachlan , J.L. 1991 . Endophytic algae of Chondrus crispus (Rhodophyta). III. Host specificity . J. Phycol. , 27 : 448 – 459 .
  • Costerton , J.W. , Marrie , T.J. and Cheng , K.-J. 1985 . “ Phenomena of bacterial adhesion ” . In Bacterial Adhesion. Mechanisms and Physiological Significance , Edited by: Savage , D.C. and Fletcher , M. 3 – 43 . New York : Plenum Press . In
  • Cox , E.J. 1988 . Has the role of the substratum been underestimated for algal distribution patterns in freshwater ecosystems? . Biofouling , 1 : 49 – 63 .
  • Cox , P.A. 1983 . Search theory, random motion, and the convergent evolution of pollen and spore morphology in aquatic plants . Amer. Nat. , 121 : 9 – 31 .
  • Crisp , D.J. 1955 . The behavior of barnacle cyprids in relation to water movement over a surface . J. exp. Biol. , 32 : 569 – 590 .
  • Cushing , D.H. 1975 . Marine Ecology and Fisheries , 278 – 278 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Davies , A.G. 1970 . Iron, chelation and the growth of marine phytoplankton. I. Growth kinetics and chlorophyll production in cultures of the euryhaline flagellate Dunalliela tertiolecta under iron-limiting conditions . J. Mar. Biol. Ass., UK. , 50 : 65 – 86 .
  • Dayton , P.K. and Tegner , M.J. 1984 . Catastrophic storms, El Nino and patch stability in a southern California kelp community . Science , 224 : 283 – 285 .
  • Dean , T.A. , Thies , K. and Lagos , S.L. 1989 . Survival of juvenile giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera: The effects of demographic factors, competitors, and grazers . Ecology , 70 : 483 – 496 .
  • Denny , M.W. 1988 . Biology and the Mechanics of the Wave-Swept Environment , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
  • deSilva , P.H.D.H. 1958 . Experiments on choice of substrate by Spirorbis larvae (Serpulidae) . J. exp. Biol. , 39 : 483 – 490 .
  • Deysher , L. and Norton , T.A. 1982 . Dispersal and colinization in Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. , 56 : 179 – 195 .
  • Deysher , L.E. and Dean , T.A. 1984 . Critical irradiance levels and the interactive effects of quantum irradiance and quantum dose on gametogenesis in the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera . J. Phycol. , 20 : 520 – 524 .
  • Dillon , P.S. , Maki , J.S. and Mitchell , R. 1989 . Adhesion of Enteromorpha swarmers to microbial films . Microbial Ecol. , 17 : 39 – 47 .
  • Ebeling , A.W. , Laur , D.R. and Rowley , R.J. 1985 . Severe storm disturbances and the reversal of community structure in a southern California kelp forest . Mar. Biol. , 84 : 287 – 294 .
  • Egan , B. 1987 . “ Marine microbial adhesion and its consequences ” . In Microbes in the Sea , Edited by: Sleigh , M.A. 220 – 238 . Chichester : Ellis Horwood Ltd. . In
  • Evans , L.V. and Christie , A.O. 1970 . Studies on the ship-fouling alga Enteromorpha. I. Aspects of the fine-structure and biochemistry of swimming and newly settled zoospoores . Ann. Bot. , 34 : 451 – 466 .
  • Fitt , W.K. 1985 . Chemosensory responses of the symbiotic dinoflagellate Symbiodinium microadriaticum (Dinophyceae) . J. Phycol. , 21 : 62 – 67 .
  • Fletcher , M. , Grey , T.R.G. and Jones , J.G. 1987 . Ecology of Microbial Communities , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Fletcher , R.L. and Baier , R.E. 1984 . Influence of surface energy on the development of the green alga Enteromorpha . Mar. Biol. Let. , 5 : 251 – 254 .
  • Fletcher , R.L. , Jones , A.M. and Jones , E.B.G. 1984 . “ The attachment of fouling macroalgae ” . In Marine Biodeterioration: an Interdisciplinary Study , Edited by: Costlow , J.D. and Tipper , R.C. 172 – 182 . Annapolis : Naval Institute Press . In
  • Flint , R.W. 1985 . Coastal ecosystem dynamics: relevance of benthic processes . Mar. Chem. , 16 : 351 – 367 .
  • Flint , R.W. and Kamykowski , D. 1984 . Benthic nutrient regeneration in south Texas coastal waters . Est. Coast. Shelf Sci. , 18 : 221 – 230 .
  • Foster , M.S. 1975 . Regulation of algal community development in a Macrocystis pyrifera forest . Mar. Biol. , 12 : 331 – 342 .
  • Foster , M.S. 1972 . The algal turf community in the nest of the ocean goldfish Hypsypops rubicunda . Proc. Int. Seaweed Symp. , 7 : 55 – 60 .
  • Goff , L.T. 1982 . The biology of parasitic red algae . Progr. Phycol. Res. , 1 : 289 – 369 .
  • Golden , L. and Garbary , D. 1984 . Studies on Monostroma (Monostromataceae, Chlorophyta) in British Columbia with emphasis on spore release . Jap. J. Phycol. , 32 : 319 – 332 .
  • Hadfield , M.G. 1977 . “ Chemical interactions in larval settlement of a marine gastropod ” . In Marine Natural Products Chemistry , Edited by: Faulkner , D.J. and Fenical , W.H. 403 – 413 . New York : Plenum Press . In
  • Hamilton , W.A. 1987 . “ Biofilms: microbial interactions and metabolic activities ” . In Ecology of Microbiology Communities , Edited by: Fletcher , M. , Grey , T.R.G. and Jones , J.G. 361 – 385 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . In
  • Happey-Wood , C.M. and Priddle , J. 1984 . The ecology of epilithic algae of five Welsh lakes with special reference to Volvocalean green flagellates (Chlorophyceae) . J. Phycol. , 20 : 109 – 124 .
  • Harlin , M.M. and Lindberg , J.M. 1977 . Selection of subsrata by seaweeds: optimal surface relief . Mar. Biol. , 40 : 33 – 40 .
  • Harris , G.P. 1986 . Phytoplankton Ecology , London, , UK : Chapman and Hall .
  • Harris , L.G. , Ebeling , A.W. , Laur , D.R. and Rowley , R.J. 1984 . Community recovery after damage: a case of facilitation in primary succession . Science , 224 : 1336 – 1338 .
  • Harrison , P.G. 1978 . Growth of Ulva fenestrata (Chlorophyta) in microcosms rich in Zostera marina (Anophyta) detritus . J. Phycol. , 14 : 100 – 108 .
  • Hauser , D.C.R. , Levandowsky , M. , Hunter , S.H. , Chunosoff , L. and Hollowitz , J.S. 1975 . Chemosensory responses by the heterotrophic marine dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii . Microbial Ecol. , 1 : 246 – 254 .
  • Hay , C. 1979 . A phytogeographical account of the southern bull kelp seaweeds Durvillaea spp. Bory 1926 (Durvilleales Petrov 1965) . DSIR Information Series , 127 : 443 – 453 .
  • Hebel , D.V.W. , Knauer , G.A. and Martin , J.H. 1986 . Trace metals in large agglomerates (marine snow) . J. Plankton Res. , 8 : 819 – 824 .
  • Henry , E.C. and Cole , K.M. 1982 . Ultrastructure of swarmers in the Laminariales. I. Zoospores . J. Phycol. , 18 : 550 – 569 .
  • Hirata , K.Y. and Hadfield , M.G. 1986 . The role of choline in metamorphic induction of Phestilla (Gastropoda, Nudibranchia) . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. , 84C : 15 – 22 .
  • Hoek , C. van den . 1987 . The possible significance of long-range dispersal for the biogeography of seaweeds . Helgoländer Meeresunters. , 41 : 261 – 272 .
  • Hoek , C. van den and Flinterman , A. 1968 . The life-history of Sphacelaria furcigera Kütz. (Phaeophyceae) . Blumea , 16 : 193 – 242 .
  • Hoffmann , A.J. 1987 . The arrival of seaweed propagules at the shore: a review . Botanica mar. , 30 : 151 – 165 .
  • Hoffmann , A.J. and Ugarte , R. 1985 . The arrival of propagules of marine macroalgae in the intertidal zone . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. , 92 : 83 – 95 .
  • Hruby , T. and Norton , T.A. 1979 . Algal colonization on rocky shores in the Firth of Clyde . J. Ecol. , 67 : 65 – 77 .
  • Huang , R. and Boney , A.D. 1984 . Growth interactions between littoral diatoms and juvenile marine algae . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. , 81 : 21 – 45 .
  • Huang , R. and Boney , A.D. 1985 . Individual and combined interactions between littoral diatoms and sporelings of red algae . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. , 85 : 101 – 111 .
  • Hurlbut , C.J. 1991 . Larval substratum selection and postsettlement mortality as determinants of the distribution of two bryozoans . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. , 147 : 103 – 119 .
  • Jensen , A. 1977 . “ Chemical conditioning of seawater by algal growth and development ” . In Marine Natural Products Chemistry , Edited by: Faulkner , D.J. and Fenical , W.H. 329 – 344 . New York : Plenum Press . In
  • Jensen , R.A. , Morse , D.E. , Petty , R.L. and Hooker , N. 1990 . Artificial induction of larval metamorphosis by free fatty acids . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 67 : 55 – 71 .
  • Jones , A.K. 1988 . “ Algal extracellular products—antimicrobial substances ” . In Biochemistry of the Algae and Cyanobacteria , Edited by: Rogers , L.J. and Gallon , J.R. 257 – 281 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe 28
  • Jones , W.E. and Babb , M.S. 1968 . The motile period of swarmers of Enteromorpha intestinalis (L.) Link . Br. phycol. Bull. , 3 : 525 – 528 .
  • Kain , J.M. 1964 . Aspects of the biology of Laminaria hyperborea. III. Survival and growth of gametophytes . J. mar. Biol. Ass., UK , 44 : 415 – 433 .
  • Kain , J.M. 1975 . Algal recolonization of some cleared subtidal areas . J. Ecol. , 63 : 739 – 765 .
  • Kennelly , S.J. 1983 . An experimental approach to the study of factors affecting algal colonization in a subtidal kelp forest . J. exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , 68 : 257 – 276 .
  • Kennelly , S.J. and Larkum , A.W.D. 1983 . A preliminary study of temporal variation in the colonization of subtidal algae in an Ecklonia radiata community . Aquat. Bot. , 17 : 275 – 282 .
  • Kessler , J.O. 1985 . Hydrodynamic focusing of motile algal cells . Nature , 313 : 218 – 220 .
  • Kessler , J.O. 1986 . The external dynamics of swimming micro-organisms . Progr. Phycol. Res. , 4 : 257 – 307 .
  • Khew , K.L. and Zentmyer , G.A. 1973 . Chemotactic response of zoospores of five species of Phytophthora . Phytopathology , 63 : 1511 – 1517 .
  • Kitchener , J.A. 1973 . Surface forces in the deposition of small particles . J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. , 24 : 709 – 713 .
  • Lehman , J.T. and Scavia , D. 1982a . Microscale nutrient patches produced by zooplankton . Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. , 79 : 5001 – 5005 .
  • Lehman , J.T. and Scavia , D. 1982b . Microscale patchiness of nutrients in planktonic communities . Science , 216 : 729 – 730 .
  • Leskinen , E. 1984 . Colonization of periphytic organsisms on artificial substrata on the southwestern coast of Finland . Ophelia, suppl. , 3 : 137 – 146 .
  • Linskins , H.F. 1966 . Adhäsion von Fortpflanzungszellen benthontischer Algen . Planta , 68 : 99 – 110 .
  • Losse , R.F. and Wetzel , R.G. 1983 . “ Selective light attenuation by the periphyton complex ” . In Periphyton of Freshwater Ecosystems , Edited by: Wetzel , R.G. 89 – 96 . The Hague : Dr. W. Junk Publishers . In
  • Lüning , K. 1980 . Critical levels of light and temperature regulating the gametogenesis of three Laminaria species (Phaeophyceae) . J. Phycol. , 16 : 1 – 15 .
  • Lüning , K. and Müller , D.G. 1978 . Chemical interaction in sexual reproduction of several Laminariales (Phaeophyceae): Release and attraction of spermatozoids . Z. Pflanzenphysiol. , 89 : 333 – 341 .
  • Lüning , K. and Neushul , M. 1978 . Light and temperature demands for growth and reproduction of laminarian gametophytes in southern and central California . Mar. Biol. , 45 : 297 – 309 .
  • Luther , G. 1976 . Bewuchsuntersuchungen auf Natursteinsubstraten im Gezeitenbereich des Nordsylter Wattenmeeres: Algen . Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters , 28 : 318 – 351 .
  • Machlis , L. 1969 . Zoospore chemotaxis in the watermold Allomyces . Physiol. Pl. , 22 : 126 – 139 .
  • Maier , I. and Muller , D.G. 1986 . Sexual pheromones in algae . Biol. Bull. , 170 : 145 – 175 .
  • Marshall , K.C. 1976 . Interfaces in Microbial Ecology , Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
  • McCarthy , J.J. and Goldman , J.C. 1979 . Nitrogenous nutrition of marine phytoplankton in nutrient-depleted waters . Science , 203 : 670 – 672 .
  • McLachlan , J. and Bidwell , R.G.S. 1978 . Photosynthesis of eggs, sperm, zygotes, and embryos of Fucus serratus . Can. J. Bot. , 56 : 371 – 373 .
  • Morse , A.N.C. 1991 . How do planktonic larvae know where to settle? . Amer. Sci. , 79 : 154 – 169 .
  • Morse , A.N.C. , Froyd , C.A. and Morse , D.E. 1984 . Molecules from cyanobacteria and red algae that induce larval settlement and metamorphosis in the mollusc Haliotis rufescens . Mar. Biol. , 81 : 293 – 298 .
  • Morse , A.N.C. and Morse , D.E. 1984 . Recruitment and metamorphosos of Haliotis larvae induced by molecules uniquely available at the surfaces of crustose red algae . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. , 75 : 191 – 215 .
  • Morse , D.E. , Hooker , N. , Morse , A.N.C. and Jensen , R.A. 1988 . Control of larval metamorphosis and recruitment in sympatric agariciid corals . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. , 116 : 193 – 217 .
  • Müller , D.G. 1964 . Die Beteiligung ein Berührungsreizes beim Festsetzen von Algenswärmen auf dem Substrat . Z. Bot. , 52 : 193 – 198 .
  • Müller , D.G. 1981 . “ Sexuality and sexual attraction ” . In The Biology of Seaweeds , Edited by: Lobban , C.S. and Wynne , M.J. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications . In
  • Müller , D.G. , Maier , I. and Gassman , G. 1985 . Survey on sexual pheromone specificity in Laminariales (Phaeophyceae) . Phycologia , 24 : 475 – 484 .
  • Müller , D.G. , Maier , I. and Müller , H. 1987 . Flagellum autofluorescence and photoaccumulation in heterokont algae . Photochem. Photobiol. , 46 : 1003 – 1008 .
  • Neihof , R.A. and Loeb , G. 1972 . The surface charge of particulate matter in seawater . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 17 : 7 – 16 .
  • Neihof , R.A. and Loeb , G. 1974 . Dissolved organic matter in seawater and the electric charge of immersed surfaces . J. mar. Res. , 32 : 5 – 12 .
  • Neushul , M. 1973 . “ Functional interpretation of benthic marine algal morphology ” . In Contributions to the Systematics of Benthic Marine Algal Morphology , Edited by: Abbott , I.A. and Kurogi , M. 47 – 71 . Kobe : Japanese Society of Phycology . In
  • Neushul , M. , Amsler , C.D. , Reed , D.C. and Lewis , R.J. “ The introduction of marine plants for aquacultural purposes ” . In Movement and Dispersal of Biotic Agents into Aquatic Ecosystems , Edited by: Rosenfield , A. Baltimore : Maryland Sea Grant College . (in press)
  • Neushul , M. , Foster , M.S. , Coon , D.A. , Woessner , J.W. and Harger , B.W.W. 1976 . An in situ study of recruitment, growth and survival of subtidal marine algae: techniques and preliminary results . J. Phycol. , 12 : 397 – 408 .
  • Norton , T.A. 1983 . The resistance to dislodgement of Sargassum muticum germlings under defined hydrodynamic conditions . J. mar. Biol. Ass. UK. , 63 : 181 – 193 .
  • Norton , T.A. 1992 . Dispersal by macroalgae . Br. phycol. J. , 27 : 293 – 301 .
  • Norton , T.A. and Fetter , R. 1981 . The settlement of Sargassum muticum propagules in stationary and flowing water . J. mar. Biol. Ass. UK. , 61 : 929 – 940 .
  • Ogata , E. 1953 . Some experiments on the settling of spores of red algae . Bull. Soc. Pl. Ecol. Tokyo , 3 : 128 – 134 .
  • Okubo , A. 1980 . Diffusion and Ecological Problems: Mathematical Models , Berlin : Springer-Verlag .
  • Okuda , T. and Neushul , M. 1981 . Sedimentation studies of red algal spores . J. Phycol. , 17 : 113 – 118 .
  • Paerl , H.W. 1980 . “ Attachment of micro-organisms to living and detritial surfaces in freshwater systems ” . In Adsorbtion of Microorganisms to Surfaces , Edited by: Bitton , G. and Marshall , K.C. 375 – 402 . New York : Wiley-Interscience . In
  • Paerl , H.W. 1985 . “ Influence of attachment on microbial metabolism and growth in aquatic environments ” . In Bacterial Adhesion. Mechanisms and Physiological Significance , Edited by: Savage , D.C. and Fletcher , M. 363 – 400 . New York : Plenum Press . In
  • Paerl , H.W. and Merkel , S. 1982 . The effects of particles on phosphorous assimilation in attached vs. free floating microorganisms . Arch. Hydrobiol. , 93 : 125 – 134 .
  • Pawlik , J.R. , Butman , C.A. and Starczak , V.R. 1991 . Hydrodynamic facilitation of gregarious settlement of a reef-building tube worm . Science , 251 : 421 – 424 .
  • Paya , I. and Santelices , B. 1989 . Macroalgae survive digestion by fishes . J. Phycol. , 25 : 186 – 188 .
  • Pravdić , V. 1970 . Surface charge characteristics of sea sediments . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 15 : 230 – 233 .
  • Proctor , L.M. and Fuhrman , J.A. 1990 . Viral mortality of marine bacteria and cyanobacteria . Nature , 343 : 60 – 62 .
  • Provasoli , L. and Pinter , I.J. 1964 . Symbiotic relationships between microorganisms and seaweed morphology . J. Phycol. , 8 : 10 – 10 . suppl.
  • Provasoli , L. and Pinter , I.J. 1980 . Bacteria induced polymorphism in an axenic laboratory strain of Ulva lactuca . J. Phycol. , 16 : 196 – 201 .
  • Purcell , E.M. 1977 . Life at low Reynolds number . Amer. J. Physics , 45 : 3 – 11 .
  • Raymont , J.E.G. 1980 . Plankton and Productivity in the Oceans. 2nd Edition. Volume 1. Phytoplankton , Oxford : Pergamon Press .
  • Reed , D.C. 1990 . The effects of variable settlement and early competition on patterns of kelp recruitment . Ecology , 71 : 776 – 787 .
  • Reed , D.C. , Amsler , C.D. and Ebeling , A.W. 1992 . Dispersal in kelps: factors affecting spore swimming and competency . Ecology , in press
  • Reed , D.C. and Foster , M.S. 1984 . The effects of canopy shading on algal recruitment and growth in a giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) forest . Ecology , 65 : 937 – 948 .
  • Reed , D.C. , Laur , D.R. and Ebeling , A.W. 1988 . Variation in algal dispersal and recruitment: the importance of episodic events . Ecol. Monogr. , 58 : 321 – 335 .
  • Reed , D.C. , Neushul , M. and Ebeling , A.W. 1991 . Role of settlement density on gametophyte growth and reproduction in the kelps Pterygophora californica and Macrocystis pyrifera (Phaeophyceae) . J. Phycol. , 27 : 361 – 366 .
  • Reynolds , C.S. 1984 . The Ecology of Freshwater Phytoplankton , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Rowe , G.T. , Clifford , C.H. and Smith , K.L. Jr . 1975 . Benthic nutrient regeneration and its coupling to primary productivity in coastal waters . Nature , 255 : 215 – 217 .
  • Royle , D.J. and Hickman , C.J. 1964 . Analysis of factors governing in vitro accumulation of zygospores of Pythium aphanidermatum on roots. I. Behaviour of zoospores . Can. J. Bot. , 10 : 151 – 162 .
  • Russell , G. 1967 . The ecology of some free living Ectocarpaceae . Helgo. Wiss. Meeresunters. , 15 : 155 – 162 .
  • Sager , B.M. , Sekelsky , J.J. , Matsumura , P. and Adler , J. 1988 . Use of a computer to assay motility in bacteria . Anal. Biochem. , 193 : 271 – 277 .
  • Santelices , B. 1990 . Patterns of reproduction, dispersal and recruitment in seaweeds . Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. , 28 : 177 – 276 .
  • Santelices , B. and Correa , J. 1985 . Differential survival of macroalgae to digestion by intertidal herbivore molluscs . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. , 38 : 183 – 191 .
  • Santelices , B. , Correa , J. and Avila , M. 1983 . Benthic algal spores surviving digestion by sea urchins . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. , 70 : 263 – 269 .
  • Santelices , B. and Paya , I. 1989 . Digestion survival of algae: some ecological comparisons between free spores and propagules in fecal pellets . J. Phycol. , 25 : 693 – 699 .
  • Santelices , B. and Ugarte , R. 1987 . Algal life-history strategies and resistance to digestion . Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. , 35 : 267 – 275 .
  • Savage , D.C. and Fletcher , M. 1985 . Bacterial Adhesion. Mechanisms and Physiological Significance , New York : Plenum Press .
  • Shanks , A.L. and Trent , J.D. 1979 . Marine snow: microscale nutrient patches . Limnol. Oceanogr. , 24 : 850 – 854 .
  • Sieburth , J.M. 1975 . Microbial Seascapes: A Pictorial Essay on Marine Microorganisms and their Environments , Baltimore : University Park Press .
  • Silvertown , J.W. 1982 . Introduction to Plant Population Ecology , New York, , USA : Longman Inc .
  • Sjoblad , R.D. , Chet , I. and Mitchell , R. 1978a . Quantitative assay for algal chemotaxis . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 36 : 847 – 850 .
  • Sjoblad , R.D. , Chet , I. and Mitchell , R. 1978b . Chemoreception in the green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta . Curr. Microbiol. , 1 : 305 – 307 .
  • Sjoblad , R.D. and Frederikse , P.H. 1981 . Chemotactic responses of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . Mol. Cell. Biol. , 1 : 1057 – 1060 .
  • Smayda , T.J. 1970 . The suspension and sinking of phytoplankton in the ocean . Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. , 8 : 353 – 414 .
  • Sommer , U. 1986 . Nitrate- and silicate-competition among Antarctic phytoplankton . Mar. Biol. , 91 : 345 – 351 .
  • Sousa , W.P. 1984 . Intertidal mosaics: patch size, propagule availability, and spatially variable patterns of succession . Ecology , 65 : 1918 – 1935 .
  • Spero , H.J. 1985 . Chemosensory capabilities in the phagotrophic dinoflagellate Gynmnodinium fungiforme . J. Phycol. , 21 : 181 – 184 .
  • Stumm , W. and Morgan , J.J. 1981 . Aquatic Chemistry , 2nd Ed. , New York : Wiley .
  • Suto , S. 1948 . Shedding, swimming, and fixing of the zoospores of some species of Laminariaceae . Contr. Cent. Fish. Stn. Jpn. , 25 : 123 – 128 . [Sudo (sic)]
  • Suto , S. 1950 . Studies on shedding, swimming and fixing of spores of seaweeds . Bull. Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish. , 16 : 1 – 9 .
  • Tatewaki , M. , Provasoli , L. and Pinter , I.J. 1983 . Morphogenisis of Monostroma oxyspermum (Kutz.) Doty (Chlorophyceae) in axenic culture, especially in bialgal culture . J. Phycol. , 19 : 409 – 416 .
  • Thomas , R.W.S.P. and Allsopp , D. 1983 . “ The effects of certain periphytic marine bacteria upon the settlement and growth of Enteromorpha, a fouling alga ” . In Biodeterioration 5 , Edited by: Oxley , T.A. and Barry , S. 348 – 357 . New York : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. . In
  • Vogel , S. 1981 . Life in Moving Fluids , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
  • Walsby , A.E. and Reynolds , C.S. 1980 . “ Sinking and floating ” . In The Physiological Ecology of Phytoplankton , Edited by: Morris , I. 371 – 412 . Berkeley : University of California Press . In
  • Wetzel , R.G. 1983 . “ Attached algal-substrata interactions: fact or myth, and when and how? ” . In Periphyton of Freshwater Ecosystems , Edited by: Wetzel , R.G. 207 – 215 . The Hague : Dr. W. Junk Publishers . In
  • Woodhead , P. and Moss , B. 1975 . The effects of light and temperature on settlement and germination of Enteromorpha . Br. phycol. J. , 10 : 269 – 272 .
  • Yates , G.T. 1986 . How microorganisms move through water . Amer. Sci. , 74 : 358 – 365 .
  • Zechman , F.W. and Mathieson , A.C. 1985 . The distribution of seaweed propagules in estuarine coastal and offshore waters of New Hampshire, USA . Botanica mar. , 28 : 283 – 294 .
  • Zeitzschel , B. 1980 . “ Sediment-water interactions in nutrient dynamics ” . In Marine Benthic Dynamics , Edited by: Tenore , K.R. and Coull , B.C. 195 – 218 . Columbia : Univ. of South Carolina Press . In
  • Zimmerman , R. , Iturriaga , R. and Becker-Burk , J. 1978 . Simultaneous determination of the total number of aquatic bacteria and the number of thereof involved in respiration . Appl. Environ. Microbiol. , 36 : 926 – 935 .
  • Zobel , C.E. and Allen , E.C. 1935 . The significance of marine bacteria in the fouling of submerged surfaces . J. Bact. , 29 : 239 – 251 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.