Breeder hen dietary L-carnitine affects progeny carcase traits

References

• Baker , DL and Sell , JL . 1994 . Dietary L-carnitine did not influence performance and carcass composition of broiler chickens and young turkeys fed low- or high-fat diets . Poultry Science , 73 : 281 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremer , F . 1983 . l-Carnitine — metabolism and functions . Physiological Reviews , 63 : 1420 – 1480 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter , HE , Bhattacharyya , PK , Weidman , KR and Fraenkel , G . 1952 . Chemical studies on vitamin BT isolation and characterization as L-carnitine . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics , 38 : 405 – 416 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cartwright , AL . 1986 . Effect of L-carnitine and dietary energy concentration on body weight and body lipid of growing broilers . Poultry Science , 65 ( Suppl. 1 ) : 21 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Casillas , ER and Newburgh , RW . 1969 . l-Carnitine and derivatives in embryonic chick tissue . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta , 184 : 566 – 577 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feller , AG and Rudman , D . 1988 . Role of L-carnitine in human nutrition . Journal of Nutrition , 118 : 541 – 547 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman , S and Fraenkel , G . 1955 . Reversible enzymatic acetylation of L-carnitine . Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics , 59 : 491 – 501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz , IB . 1955 . The effect of muscle extracts on the oxidation of palmitic acid by liver slices and homogenates . Acta Physiologica Scandinavia , 34 : 367 – 385 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horne , DW and Broquist , HP . 1973 . Role of lysine and ε-N-trimethyllysine in L-carnitine biosynthesis. I. Studies in Neurospora crassa . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 248 : 2170 – 2175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssens , GPJ , Mast , J , Goddeeris , BM , Cox , E , Hesta , M and De Wilde , ROM . 2000 . Enhanced specific antibody response to bovine serum albumin in pigeons due to L-carnitine supplementation . British Poultry Science , 41 : 448 – 453 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidd , MT . 2003 . A treatise of chicken dam nutrition that impacts on progeny . World's Poultry Science Journal , 59 : 475 – 494 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leibetseder , J . 1995 . Untersuchungen über die wirkungen von l-Carnitin beim huhn . Archives of Animal Nutrition , 48 : 97 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lien , TF and Horng , YM . 2001 . The effect of supplementary dietary L-carnitine on the growth performance, serum components, carcase traits and enzyme activities in relation to fatty acid β-oxidation of broiler chickens . British Poultry Science , 42 : 92 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mast , J , Buyse , J and Goddeeris , BM . 2000 . Dietary L-carnitine supplementation increases antigen-specific immunoglobulin G production in broiler chickens . British Journal of Nutrition , 83 : 161 – 166 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Research Council 1994 Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9th Edition Washington DC USA National Academy Press
   Google Scholar
• Olson , AL and Rebouche , CJ . 1987 . γ-Butyrobetaine hydroxylase activity is not rate limiting for L-carnitine biosynthesis in the human infant . Journal of Nutrition , 117 : 1024 – 1031 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parvin , R and Pande , SV . 1977 . Microdetermination of (−) L-carnitine and L-carnitine acetyl transferase . Analytical Biochemistry , 79 : 190 – 201 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peebles , ED , Doyle , SM , Pansky , T , Gerard , PD , Latour , MA , Boyle , CR and Smith , TW . 1999 . Effects of breeder age and dietary fat on subsequent broiler performance. 2. Slaughter yield . Poultry Science , 78 : 512 – 515 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peebles , ED , Zumwalt , CD , Gerard , PD , Latour , MA and Smith , TW . 2002 . Market age live weight, carcass yield, and liver characteristics of broiler offspring from breeder hens fed diets differing in fat and energy contents . Poultry Science , 81 : 23 – 29 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabie , MH and Szilágyi , M . 1998 . Effects of L-carnitine supplementation of diets differing in energy levels on performance, abdominal fat content, and yield and composition of edible meat of broilers . British Journal of Nutrition , 80 : 391 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabie , MH , Szilágyi , M and Gippert , T . 1997a . Effects of dietary L-carnitine supplementation and protein level on performance and degree of meatness and fatness of broilers . Acta Biologica Hungarica , 48 : 221 – 239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabie , MH , Szilágyi , M , Gippert , T , Votisky , E and Gerendai , D . 1997b . Influence of dietary L-carnitine on performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens . Acta Biologica Hungarica , 48 : 241 – 252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rebouche , CJ , Bosch , EP , Chenard , CA , Schabold , KJ and Nelson , SE . 1989 . Utilization of dietary precursors for L-carnitine synthesis in human adults . Journal of Nutrition , 119 : 1907 – 1913 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute 1996 SAS User's Guide: Statistics, Version 7·0 Cary NC Statistical Analysis Institute, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Spratt , RS and Leeson , S . 1987 . Effect of protein and energy intake of broiler breeder hens on performance of broiler chicken offspring . Poultry Science , 66 : 1489 – 1494 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomita , M and Sendju , Y . 1927 . Über die oxyaminoverbindungen, welche die biuretreaktion zeigen. III. Spaltung der γ-amino-β-oxybuttersaüre in die optisch-aktiven komponenten . Hoppe-Seyler's Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie , 169 : 263 – 277 .
   Google Scholar
• Xu , ZR , Wang , MQ , Mao , HX , Zhan , XA and Hu , CH . 2003 . Effects of L-carnitine on growth performance, carcass composition, and metabolism of lipids in male broilers . Poultry Science , 82 : 408 – 413 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar