Bone breaking strength and apparent metabolisability of calcium and phosphorus in selected and unselected broiler chicken genotypes

References

• Bar , A , Shinder , D , Yosefi , S , Vax , E and Plavnik , I . 2003 . Metabolism and requirements for calcium and phosphorus in the fast-growing chicken as affected by age . British Journal of Nutrition , 89 : 51 – 60 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonser , RHC and Casinos , A . 2003 . Regional variation in cortical bone properties from broiler fowl—a first look . British Poultry Science , 44 : 350 – 354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook , ME . 2000 . Skeletal deformities and their causes: introduction . Poultry Science , 79 : 982 – 984 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilworth , BC and Day , EJ . 1965 . Effect of varying dietary calcium: phosphorus ratios on tibia and femur composition of the chick . Poultry Science , 44 : 1474 – 1479 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards , HM . 1992 . “ Nutritional factors and leg disorders ” . In Bone Biology and Skeletal Disorders in Poultry, Poultry Science Symposium , Edited by: Whitehead , CC . Vol. 23 , 167 – 194 . London : Butterworths .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , HM . 2000 . Nutrition and skeletal problems in poultry . Poultry Science , 79 : 1018 – 1023 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmerson , DA . 1997 . Commercial approaches to genetic selection for growth and feed conversion in domestic poultry . Poultry Science , 76 : 1121 – 1125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hester , PY . 1994 . The role of environment and management on leg abnormalities in meat-type fowl . Poultry Science , 73 : 904 – 915 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunton , P . 1997 . Poultry genetics 1950–1997: some unexpected side effects . Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium . 1997 . Vol. 9: , pp. 79 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Hurwitz , S , Plavnik , I , Shapiro , A , Wax , E , Talpaz , H and Bar , A . 1995 . Calcium-metabolism and requirements of chickens are affected by growth . Journal of Nutrition , 125 : 2679 – 2686 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kestin , SC , Knowles , TG , Tinch , AE and Gregory , NG . 1992 . Prevalence of leg weakness in broiler chickens and its relationship with genotype . Veterinary Record , 131 : 190 – 194 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kestin , SC , Su , G and Sorensen , P . 1999 . Different commercial broiler crosses have different susceptibilities to leg weakness . Poultry Science , 78 : 1085 – 1090 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles , TG and Broom , DM . 1990 . Limb bone strength and movement in laying hens from different housing systems . Veterinary Record , 126 : 354 – 356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leeson , S and Summers , JD . 1984 . Influence of nutritional modifications on skeletal size of Leghorn and broiler breeder pullets . Poultry Science , 63 : 1222 – 1228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leterrier , C and Nys , Y . 1992 . Composition, cortical structure and mechanical properties of chicken tibiotarsi: effect of growth rate . British Poultry Science , 39 : 24 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lilburn , MS . 1994 . Skeletal growth of commercial poultry species . Poultry Science , 73 : 897 – 903 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEntee , GM , Cowieson , AC , Rance , K and McDevitt , RM . 2002 . Effect of genetic selection on nutrient digestibility in broilers . British Poultry Science , 43 : S60 – S61 .
   Google Scholar
• McKay , JC , Barton , NF , Koerhuis , ANM and McAdam , J . 2000 . The challenge of genetic change in the broiler chicken . Occasional Publication of the British Society of Animal Science , 27 : 1 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• NRC (National Research Council) . 1994 . Nutrient Requirements of Poultry , 9th rev. edn , Washington , DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pfeiffer , DU and Dall’Aqua , F . 2002 . An Analysis of an Industry National Broiler Chicken Leg Weakness Study in the United Kingdom , London : British Poultry Council .
   Google Scholar
• Pierson , FW and Hester , PY . 1982 . Factors influencing leg abnormalities in poultry: a review . World's Poultry Science Journal , 38 : 5 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rath , NC , Balog , JM , Huff , WE , Kulkarni , GB and Tierce , JF . 1999 . Comparative difference in the composition and biochemical properties of tibiae of seven- and seventy-two week-old male and female broiler breeder chickens . Poultry Science , 78 : 1232 – 1239 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rath , NC , Huff , GR , Huff , WE , Kulkarni , GB and Balog , JM . 2000 . Factors regulating bone maturity and strength in poultry . Poultry Science , 79 : 1024 – 1032 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross Breeders . 1972 . Ross 1 Broiler Production Manual
   Google Scholar
• Sa , LM , Gomes , PC , Albino , LFT , Rostagno , HS and D’agostini , P . 2004a . Calcium requirement and bioavailability of some feedstuffs for broiler chicks from 1 to 21 days old . Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia , 33 : 157 – 168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sa , LM , Gomes , PC , Rostagno , HS , Fernando , L , Albino , T , Cecon , PR and D’agostini , P . 2004b . Calcium requirement for broiler chicks from 22 to 42 and 43 to 53 days old . Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia , 33 : 397 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanotra , GS , Lund , JD , Ersboll , AK , Petersen , JS and Vestergaard , KS . 2001 . Monitoring leg problems in broilers: a survey of commercial broiler production in Denmark . World's Poultry Science Journal , 57 : 55 – 69 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebastian , S , Touchburn , SP , Chavez , ER and Lague , PC . 1996a . The effects of supplemental microbial phytase on the performance and utilization of dietary calcium, phosphorus, copper and zinc in broiler chickens fed corn–soybean diets . Poultry Science , 75 : 729 – 736 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebastian , S , Touchburn , SP , Chavez , ER and Lague , PC . 1996b . Efficacy of supplemental microbial phytase at different calcium levels on growth performance and mineral utilization of broiler chickens . Poultry Science , 75 : 1516 – 1523 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafey , TM , McDonald , MW and Pym , RAE . 1990a . The effect of dietary calcium upon growth rate, food utilisation and plasma constituents in lines of chicken selected for aspects of growth or body composition . British Poultry Science , 31 : 577 – 586 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafey , TM , McDonald , MW and Pym , RAE . 1990b . Effects of dietary calcium, available phosphorus and vitamin D on growth rate, food utilisation, plasma and bone constituents and calcium and phosphorus retention of commercial broiler strains . British Poultry Science , 31 : 587 – 602 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Short , FJ , Gorton , P , Wiseman , J and Boorman , KN . 1996 . Determination of titanium dioxide added as an inert marker in chicken digestibility studies . Animal Feed Science and Technology , 59 : 215 – 221 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorensen , P . 1992 . “ The genetics of leg disorders ” . In Bone Biology and Skeletal Disorders in Poultry, Poultry Science Symposium , Edited by: Whitehead , CC . Vol. 23 , 213 – 229 . London : Butterworths .
   Google Scholar
• Sparke , AJ , Sims , TJ , Avery , NC , Bailey , AJ , Flemming , RH and Whitehead , CC . 2002 . Differences in composition of avian bone collagen following scientific selection for resistance to osteoporosis . British Poultry Science , 43 : 127 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan , TW . 1994 . Skeletal problems in poultry: estimated annual cost and description . Poultry Science , 73 : 879 – 882 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorp , B . 1994 . Skeletal disorders in the fowl: a review . Avian Pathology , 23 : 203 – 236 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorp , BH and Waddington , D . 1997 . Relationships between the bone pathologies, ash and mineral content of long bones in 35-d-old broiler chickens . Research in Veterinary Science , 62 : 67 – 73 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velleman , SG . 2000 . The role of the extracellular matrix in skeletal development . Poultry Science , 79 : 985 – 989 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead , CC , McCormack , HA , McTeir , L and Fleming , RH . 2004 . High vitamin D-3 requirements in broilers for bone quality and prevention of tibial dyschondroplasia and interactions with dietary calcium, available phosphorus and vitamin A . British Poultry Science , 45 : 425 – 436 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , B , Solomon , S , Waddington , D , Thorp , B and Farquharson , C . 2000 . Skeletal development in the meat-type chicken . British Poultry Science , 41 : 141 – 149 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise , DR . 1970 . Comparisons of the skeletal systems of growing broiler and laying strain chickens . British Poultry Science , 11 : 333 – 339 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise , DR . 1975 . Skeletal abnormalities in table poultry . Avian Pathology , 4 : 1 – 10 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yalcin , S , Ozkan , S , Coskuner , E , Bilgen , G , Delen , Y and Kurtulmus , Y . 2001 . Effects of strain, maternal age and sex on morphological characteristics and composition of tibial bone in broilers . British Poultry Science , 42 : 184 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yogaratnam , V . 1995 . Analysis of the causes of high rates of carcass rejection at a poultry processing plant . Veterinary Record , 137 : 215 – 217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanini , SF and Sazzad , MH . 1999 . Effects of microbial phytase on growth and mineral utilisation in broilers fed on maize soyabean-based diets . British Poultry Science , 40 : 348 – 352 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar