References
- Alonso , M , Hidalgo , J , Hendricks , L and Velasco , A . 1996 . Degradation of aggrecan precursors within a specialized sub-compartment of the chicken chondrocyte endoplasmic reticulum . Biochemistry Journal , 316 : 487 – 495 .
- Applegate , TJ and Lilburn , MS . 2002 . Growth of the femur and tibia of a commercial broiler line . Poultry Science , 81 : 1289 – 1294 .
- Ballock , T and O’Keefe , RJ . 2003 . The biology of the growth plate . Journal of Bone Joint Surgery , 85 : 715 – 726 .
- Brookes , M and May , KU . 1972 . The influence of temperature on bone growth in the chick . Journal of Anatomy , 111 : 351 – 363 .
- Carano , A , Schlesinger , PH , Athanasou , NA , Teitelbaum , SL and Blair , HC . 1993 . Acid and base effects on avian osteoclast activity . American Journal of Physiology , 264 : 701
- Christensen , VL , Wineland , MJ , Yildrum , I , Ort , DT and Mann , KM . 2004 . Incubator temperature and oxygen concentration at the plateau stage affect cardiac health of turkey embryos . Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances , 3 : 52 – 65 .
- Christensen , VL , Wineland , MJ , Grimes , JL , Oviedo , EO , Mozdziak , PS , Ort , DT and Mann , KM . 2007 . Effect of incubator temperature and oxygen concentration at the plateau stage in oxygen consumption on turkey embryo muscle growth and development . International Journal of Poultry Science , 6 : 406 – 412 .
- Church , LE and Johnson , LC . 1964 . Growth of long bones in the chicken. Rates of growth in length and diameter of the humerus, tibia and metatarsus . American Journal of Anatomy , 114 : 521 – 538 .
- Eriksen , MS , Haug , A , Torjesen , PA and Bakken , M . 2003 . Prenatal exposure to corticosterone impairs embryonic development and increases fluctuating asymmetry in chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) . British Poultry Science , 44 : 690 – 697 .
- Hammond , CL , Simbi , BH and Stickland , NC . 2007 . In ovo temperature manipulation influences embryonic motility and growth of limb tissues in the chick (Gallus gallus) . The Journal of Experimental Biology , 210 : 2667 – 2675 .
- Maltby , V and Strickland , NC . 2004 . “ Manipulating incubation temperature alters muscle development in the Turkey ” . In Proceedings of the Incubation and Fertility Research Group, September , 12 – 13 . UK : University of Lincoln .
- Metcalfe , J , McCutcheon , IE , Francisco , DL , Metzenberg , AB and Welsh , JE . 1981 . Oxygen availability and growth of the chick embryo . Respiration Physiology , 46 : 81 – 88 .
- Mench , J . 2004 . “ Lameness ” . In Measuring and Auditing Broiler Welfare , Edited by: Weeks , C and Butterworth , A . 3 – 17 . New York : CAB International .
- Møller , AP , Sanotra , GS and Vestergaard , KS . 1999 . Developmental instability and light regimen in chickens (Gallus gallus) . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 62 : 57 – 71 .
- Muir , GD , Katz , SL , Gosline , JM and Steeves , JD . 1998 . Asymmetric bipedal locomotion – an adaptive response to incomplete spinal injury in the chick . Experimental Brain Research , 122 : 275 – 282 .
- Oviedo-Rondón , EO , Ferket , PR and Havestein , GB . 2006 . Understanding long bone development in broilers and turkeys . Avian and Poultry Biology Reviews , 17 : 77 – 88 .
- Rajpurohit , R , Koch , CJ , Tao , Z , Teixeira , CM and Shapiro , IM . 1996 . Adaptation of chondrocytes to low oxygen tension: Relationship between hypoxia and cellular metabolism . Journal of Cellular Physiology , 168 : 424 – 432 .
- Rahn , H . 1981 . Gas exchange of avian eggs with special reference to turkey eggs . Poultry Science , 60 : 1971 – 1980 .
- Robson , H , Siebler , T , Shalet , SM and Williams , GR . 2002 . Interactions between GH, IGF-I, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones during skeletal growth . Pediatric Research , 52 : 137 – 147 .
- SAS Institute . 1998 . SAS/STAT Guide for Personal Computers , Version 6 , Cary, NC : SAS Institute .
- Shao , YY , Wang , L and Ballock , RT . 2006 . Thyroid hormone and the growth plate . Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders , 7 : 265 – 271 .
- Tazawa , H . 1980 . Oxygen and CO2 exchange and acid-base regulation in the avian embryo . American Zoologist , 20 : 395 – 404 .
- Van der Eerden , BCJ , Karperien , M and Wit , JM . 2003 . Systemic and local regulation of the growth plate . Endocrinology Reviews , 24 : 782 – 801 .
- Wineland , MJ , Christensen , VL , Yildrum , I , Fairchild , BD , Ort , DT and Mann , KM . 2006a . Incubator temperature and oxygen concentration at the plateau stage in oxygen consumption affects intestinal maturation of broiler chicks . International Journal of Poultry Science , 5 : 229 – 240 .
- Wineland , MJ , Christensen , VL , Yildrum , I , Fairchild , BD , Ort , DT and Mann , KM . 2006b . Incubator environment interacts with genetic line of broiler at the plateau stage to affect embryo plasma thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations . International Journal of Poultry Science , 5 : 714 – 722 .
- Yalçin , S and Siegel , PB . 2003 . Exposure to cold or heat during incubation on developmental stability of broiler embryos . Poultry Science , 82 : 1388 – 1392 .
- Yalçin , S , Molayoğlu , HB , Baka , M , Genin , O and Pines , M . 2007 . Effect of temperature during the incubation period on tibial growth plate chondrocyte differentiation and the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia . Poultry Science , 86 : 1772 – 1783 .