Effect of different concentrations of metabolisable energy and protein on performance of White Leghorn layers in a tropical climate

REFERENCES

• Balnave, D., Gill, R.J., Li, X. & Bryden, W.L. (2000) Responses of ISA Brown laying hens to a pre-layer diet containing additional calcium and to dietary protein and lysine concentrations during lay. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 51: 779–784. doi:10.1071/AR99179
   Google Scholar
• Bregendahl, K., Roberts, S.A., Kerr, B. & Hoehler, D. (2008) Ideal ratios of isoleucine, methionine, methionine plus cystine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine relative to lysine for White Leghorn-type laying hens of twenty-eight to thirty-four weeks of age. Poultry Science, 87: 744–758. doi:10.3382/ps.2007-00412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, W.O., Waring, J.J. & Squance, E. (1965) A study of the effect of variation in the calorie‐protein ratio of a medium energy diet and a high energy diet containing sucrose on the efficiency of egg production in caged layers. British Poultry Science, 6: 59–66. doi:10.1080/00071666508415553
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Andrade, A.N., Rogler, J.C., Featherston, W.R. & Alliston, C.W. (1977) Interrelationships between diet and elevated temperatures (cyclic and constant) on egg production and shell quality. Poultry Science, 56: 1178–1188. doi:10.3382/ps.0561178
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan, D.B. (1955) Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1–55. doi:10.2307/3001478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunawardana, P., Roland SR., D.A. & Bryant, M.M. (2008) Effect of energy and protein on performance, egg components, egg solids, egg quality, and profits in molted Hy-Line W-36 Hens. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 17: 432–439. doi:10.3382/japr.2007-00085
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harms, R.H., Russel, G.B. & Sloan, D.R. (2000) Energy utilization of four strains of commercial layers and influence on suggested dietary methionine level. Journal of Applied Animal Research, 18: 25–31. doi:10.1080/09712119.2000.9706320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalal, M.A., Scheideler, S.E. & Marx, D. (2006) Effect of bird cage space and dietary metabolizable energy level on production parameters in laying hens1. Poultry Science, 85: 306–311. doi:10.1093/ps/85.2.306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshavarz, K. & Austic, R.E. (2004) The use of low-protein, low-phosphorus, amino acid- and phytase-supplemented diets on laying hen performance and nitrogen and phosphorus excretion. Poultry Science, 83: 75–83. doi:10.1093/ps/83.1.75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khajali, F., Faraji, M. & Dehkordi, S.K. (2007) Effects of reduced-protein diets at constant total sulfur amino acids: lysine ratio on pullet development and subsequent laying hen performance. American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2 (4): 89–92. doi:10.3844/ajavsp.2007.89.92
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Z., Wu, G., Bryant, M.M. & Roland SR., D.A. (2005) Influence of added synthetic lysine in low-protein diets with the methionine plus cysteine to lysine ratio maintained at 0.75. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 14: 174–182. doi:10.1093/japr/14.1.174
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llames, C. & Fontaine, Y. (1994) Determination of amino acids in feeds: collaborative study. Journal of AOAC, 77: 1262–1402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meluzzi, A., Sirri, F., Tallarico, N. & Franchini, A. (2001) Nitrogen retention and performance of brown laying hens on diets with different protein content and constant concentration of amino acids and energy. British Poultry Science, 42: 213–217. doi:10.1080/00071660120048474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak, C., Yakout, H. & Scheideler, S. (2004) The combined effects of dietary lysine and total sulfur amino acid level on egg production parameters and egg components in Dekalb Delta laying hens. Poultry Science, 83: 977–984. doi:10.1093/ps/83.6.977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak, C., Yakout, H.M. & Scheideler, S.E. (2006) The effect of dietary protein level and total sulfur amino acid: lysine ratio on egg production parameters and egg yield in Hy-Line W-98 hens. Poultry Science, 85: 2195–2206. doi:10.1093/ps/85.12.2195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olomu, J.M. & Offiong, S.A. (1983) The performance of brown egg-type layers fed different protein and energy levels in the tropics. Poultry Science, 62: 345–352. doi:10.3382/ps.0620345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peguri, A. & Coon, C. (1991) Effect of temperature and dietary energy on layer performance. Poultry Science, 70: 126–138. doi:10.3382/ps.0700126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesti, G.M. (1991) Response surface approach to studying the protein and energy requirements of laying hens. Poultry Science, 70: 103–114. doi:10.3382/ps.0700103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rama Rao, S.V., Ravindran, V., Srilatha, T., Panda, A.K. & Raju, M.V.L.N. (2011) Effect of dietary concentrations of energy, crude protein, lysine, and methionine on the performance of White Leghorn layers in the tropics. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 20: 528–541. doi:10.3382/japr.2011-00355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, S.A., Xin, H., Kerr, B.J., Russell, J.R. & Bregendahl, K. (2007) Effects of dietary fiber and reduced crude protein on nitrogen balance and egg production in laying hens. Poultry Science, 86: 1716–1725. doi:10.1093/ps/86.8.1716
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schutte, J.B., De Jong., J. & Bertram, H.L. (1994) Requirement of the laying hen for sulfur amino acids. Poultry Science, 73: 274–280. doi:10.3382/ps.0730274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snedecor, G.W. & Cochran, W.G. (1980) Statistical Methods. (Ames, Iowa State University Press).
   Google Scholar
• Wu, G., Bryant, M.M., Gunawardana, P. & Roland SR., D.A. (2007) Effect of nutrient density on performance, egg components, egg solids, egg quality, and profits in eight commercial leghorn strains during phase one. Poultry Science, 86: 691–697. doi:10.1093/ps/86.4.691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, G., Bryant, M.M., Voitle, R.A. & Roland SR., D.A. (2005) Effect of dietary energy on performance and egg composition of Bovans White and Dekalb White hens during phase I. Poultry Science, 84: 1610–1615. doi:10.1093/ps/84.10.1610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar