Seasonal and daily changes in the behaviour of the adult emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) under farm conditions

References

• Barton, T. L. 1996. “Relevance of Water Quality to Broiler and Turkey Performance.” Poultry Science 75: 854–856. doi:10.3382/ps.0750854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigelow, J. A., and T. R. Houpt. 1988. “Feeding and Drinking Patterns in Young Pigs.” Physiology & Behavior 43 (1): 99–109. doi:10.1016/0031-9384(88)90104-7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blache, D., C. D. Barrett, and G. B. Martin. 2000. “Social Mating System and Sexual Behaviour in Captive Emus Dromaius Novaehollandiae.” Emu 100 (3): 161–168. doi:10.1071/MU9902.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blache, D., and G. B. Martin. 1999. “Day Length Affects Feeding Behaviour and Food Intake in Adult Male (Dromaius novaehollandiae).” British Poultry Science 40: 573–578. doi:10.1080/00071669986927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blache, D., I. A. Malecki, K. M. Williams, and G. B. Martin (1997) Responses of Juvenile and Adult Emus (Dromaius Novaehollandiae) to Artificial Photoperiod. Proceding of the XIII International Congress of Comparative Endocrinology, Yokohama, pp. 445–450.
   Google Scholar
• Borges, S. A., D. A. Fischer, A. V. Silva, A. Maiorka, D. M. Hooge, and K. R. Cummings. 2004. “Effects of Diet and Cyclic Heat Stress on Electrolyte, Nitrogen and Water Intake, Excretion by Colostimized Male Broiler Chickens.” International Journal of Poultry Science 3: 313–321. doi:10.3923/ijps.2004.313.321.
   Google Scholar
• Bruno, L. D. G., A. Maiorka, M. Macari, R. L. Furlan, and P. E. N. Givisiez. 2011. “Water Intake Behavior of Broiler Chickens Exposed to Heat Stress and Drinking from Bell or and Nipple Drinkers.” Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 13 (2): 147–152.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, M. W., and F. B. M. De Waal. 2011. “Ingroup-Outgroup Bias in Contagious Yawning by Chimpanzees Supports Link to Empathy.” Plos ONE 6: e18283. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, S. J. J. F. 1978. “The Food of Emus.” Australian Journal of Ecology 3: 411–422. doi:10.1111/j.1442-9993.1978.tb01189.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawkins, M. S. 2006. “A User’s Guide to Animal Welfare Science.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25 (2): 77–82. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2005.10.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeming, D. C. 1998. “A Note on Effects of Gender and Time of Day on the Winter Time-Activity Budget of Adult Ostriches (Struthio camelus) in a Farming Environment.” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 59: 363–371. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00090-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demuru, E., T. Deschner, and E. Palagi. 2012. “In Bonobos Yawn Contagion Is Higher among Kin and Friends.” Plos ONE 7: e49613. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doneley, B. 2006. “Management of Captive Ratites.” In Clinical Avian Medicine, Edited by G. Harrison and T. Lightfoot, 975–990. Palm Beach,: Fla, Spix Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Dunkley, C. S., T. H. Friend, J. L. Mcreynolds, C. L. Woodward, W. K. Kim, K. D. Dunkley, L. F. Kubena, D. J. Nisbet, and S. C. Ricke. 2008. “Behavioral Responses of Laying Hens to Different Alfalfa-Layer Ration Combinations Fed during Molting.” Poultry Science 87: 1005–1011. doi:10.3382/ps.2006-00386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbes, J. M. 1995. Voluntary Food Intake and Diet Selection in Farm Animals. Edited by C. A. B.(Wallingford. International). doi:10.1079/9781845932794.0000.
   Google Scholar
• Frapple, P., and P. O’malley. 1994. Report on Travel to America to Attend the Emu Extravaganza. Reno,: Prepared for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Glatz, P. C. 2001. “Effect of Declawing on Behavior of Farmed Emus.” Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 14 (2): 288–296. doi:10.5713/ajas.2001.288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glatz, P. C., and Z. H. Miao. 2008. “Husbandry of Ratites and Potential Welfare Issues: A Review.” Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48 (10): 1257–1265. doi:10.1071/EA08136.
   Google Scholar
• Grizzle, J. M., T. A. Armbrust, M. A. Bryan, and A. M. Saxton. 1997. “Water Quality II: The Effect of Water Nitrate and Bacteria on Broiler Growth Performance.” Journal of Applied Poultry Research 6: 48–55. doi:10.1093/japr/6.1.48.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, W. B., and P. B. Siegel. 1973. “Effect of Social Stress and Steroids on Antibody Production.” Avian Diseases 17: 807–815. doi:10.2307/1589049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guhl, A. M. 1968. “Social Behavior of the Domestic Fowl.” Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 71: 379–384. doi:10.2307/3627156.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gwinner, E. 2003. “Circannual Rhythms in Birds.” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 13 (6): 770–778. doi:10.1016/j.conb.2003.10.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haley, R. 1996. “Produce the Product at the Right Price.” Aircraft Electronics Association News 2/3 (10): 20–24.
   Google Scholar
• Henson, S. M., J. G. Galusha, J. L. Hayward, and J. M. Cushing. 2007. “Modeling Territory Attendance and Preening Behavior in a Seabird Colony as Functions of Environmemtal Conditions.” Journal of Biological Dynamics 1 (1): 95–107. doi:10.1080/17513750601032679.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Houpt, K. A. 2011. Domestic Animal Behavior for Veterinarians and Animal Scientists. 5th ed. Iowa,: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, B. O., and P. Dun. 1983. A Comparison of Laying Stock Housed Intensively in Cages and outside on Range. Research and Development Publication No. 18, 17. Ayr,: West of Scotland Agricultural College.
   Google Scholar
• Joly-Mascheroni, R. M., A. Senju, and A. J. Shepherd. 2008. “Dogs Catch Human Yawns.” Biology Letters 4: 446–448. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent, P., and S. Bewg (2004) Emu Breeding. http://dpi.qld.gov.au/cps/rde/xhg/dpi/hs.xsl/27_2716_ENA_HTML.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Klosowki, E. S., A. T. Campos, E. Gasparino, A. T. Campos, and D. Amaral. 2004. “Temperatura Da Água Em Bebedouros Utilizados Em Instalações Para Aves De Postura.” Engenharia Agrícola 24: 493–500. doi:10.1590/S0100-69162004000300002.
   Google Scholar
• Kruijt, J. P. 1964. Ontogeny of Social Behaviour in Burmese Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus spadiceus) Bonnaterre. Leiden,: E.J. Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Kumar, V., J. C. Wingfield, A. Dawson, M. Ramenofsky, S. Rani, and P. Bartell. 2010. “Biological Clocks and Regulation of Seasonal Reproduction and Migration in Birds.” Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 83 (5): 827–835. doi:10.1086/652243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lott, B. D. 1991. “The Effect of Feed Intake on Body Temperature and Water Consumption of Male Broilers during Heat Exposure.” Poultry Science 70: 756–759. doi:10.3382/ps.0700756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen, E. A., and T. Persson. 2012. “Contagious Yawning in Domestic Dog Puppies (Canis lupus familiaris): The Effect of Ontogeny and Emotional Closeness on Low-Level Imitation in Dogs.” Animal Cognition 6: 233–240.
   Google Scholar
• Manning, A., and M. S. Dawkins. 1998. An Introduction to Animal Behaviour. 6th ed. Cambridge,: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marks, H. L., and G. M. Pesti. 1984. “The Roles of Protein Level and Diet Form in Water Consumption and Abdominal Fat Pad Deposition of Broilers.” Poultry Science 63: 1617–1625. doi:10.3382/ps.0631617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massen, J. J. M., D. A. Vermunt, and E. H. M. Sterck. 2012. “Male Yawning Is More Contagious than Female Yawning among Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).” Plos ONE 7: e40697. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mckeegan, D. E. F., and D. C. Deeming. 1997. “Effects of Gender and Group Size on the Time-Activity Budgets of Adult Breeding Ostriches (Struthio camelus) in a Farming Environment.” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 51: 159–177. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(96)01096-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mench, J. A. 2009. “Behaviour of Fowl and Other Domesticated Birds.” In The Ethology of Domestic Animals: An Introductory Text, Edited by P. Jensen, 120–135. 2nd ed. Wallingford, Cambridge: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• Menon, D. G., D. C. Bennett, and K. M. Cheng. 2014. “Understanding the Behavior of Domestic Emus: A Means to Improve Their Management and Welfare - Major Behaviors and Activity Time Budgets of Adult Emus.” Journal of Animal 2014 (Article ID 938327): 1–8. doi:10.1155/2014/938327.
   Google Scholar
• Miller, M. L., A. C. Gallup, A. R. Vogel, S. M. Vicario, and A. B. Clark. 2011. “Evidence for Contagious Behaviors in Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus): An Observational Study of Yawning and Stretching.” Behavioural Processes 89: 264–270. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2011.12.012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minnaar, M. 1998. The Emu Farmer’s Handbook - Volume 2. Groveton, Texas,: Nyoni Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Minnaar, P., and M. Minnaar. 1992. The Emu Farmer’s Handbook. Groveton, Texas,: Induna Company.
   Google Scholar
• Mrosovsky, N., and D. E. Sherry. 1980. “Animal Anorexias.” Science 207: 837–842. doi:10.1126/science.6928327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, J. 1998. “Commercial Emu Raising. Using Cool Climate Forage Based Production Systems.” Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation Publication 98: 147.
   Google Scholar
• Nicol, C. J. 2015. The Behavioural Biology of Chickens. Wallingford, Boston,: CAB International.
   Google Scholar
• O’malley, P. 1995. Nutrition of Ratites: Comparison of Emu and Ostrich Requirements. Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia. Australia: University of New England, Armidale NSW.2351. http://www.livestocklibrary.com.au/bitstream/handle/1234/19778/95_053.pdf?sequence=1
   Google Scholar
• O’malley, P. (1996). An Estimate of the Nutrition Requirements of Emus. In Inproving Our Understanding of Ratites in a Farming Environment: Proceedings, Edited by D. C. H. Deeming, 92–108. Manchester: Ratite Conference Books.
   Google Scholar
• Patodkar, V. R., S. D. Rahane, M. A. Shejal, and D. R. Belheker. 2009. “Behavior of Emu Bird (Dromaius novaehollandiae).” Veterinary World 2 (11): 439–440.
   Google Scholar
• Pereira, D. F., A. Nääs, D. A. Salgado, C. R. Gaspar, C. A. Bighi, and N. L. J. Penha. 2007. “Correlations among Behavior, Performance and Environment in Broiler Breeders Using Multivariate Analysis.” Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 9 (4): 207–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrin, C. H. M., and A. L. A. Middelton. 1985. Encyclopaedia of Birds. New York,: Facto on File Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Romero, T., A. Konno, and T. Hasegawa. 2013. “Familiarity Bias and Physiological Responses in Contagious Yawning by Dogs Support Link to Empathy.” Plos ONE 8: (8): e71365. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero, T., M. Ito, A. Saito, and T. Hasegawa. 2014. “Social Modulation of Contagious Yawning in Wolves.” Plos ONE 9 (8): e105963. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, P. A., and J. F. Hurnik. 1983. “Drinking Behaviour of Broiler Chicks.” Applied Animal Ethology 11: 23–31. doi:10.1016/0304-3762(83)90076-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sales, J., D. C. Deeming, P. J. U. Van Deventer, M. B. Martella, and J. L. Navarro. 2000. “Diurnal Time-Activity Budget of Adult Greater Rheas (Rhea americana) in a Farming Environment.” Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde 64 (5): 207–210.
   Google Scholar
• Sales, J., and J. Horbańczuk. 1998. “Time-Activity Budgets of Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) under Different Farming Conditions.” Animal Science Papers and Reports 16 (4): 265–270.
   Google Scholar
• Savory, C. J. 1978. “The Relationship between Food and Water Intake and the Effects of Water Restriction on Laying Brown Leghorn Hens.” British Poultry Science 19: 631–641. doi:10.1080/00071667808416523.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheideler, S. E., and C. R. Angel. 1996. “Ratite Nutrition: Big Birds Feeding.” Feed Internacional 3: 24–28.
   Google Scholar
• Scheideler, S. E., and J. L. Sell. 1997. Nutrition Guidelines for Ostriches and Emus. Iowa State University, University Extension. https://store.extension.iastate.edu/Product/Nutrition-Guidelines-for-Ostriches-and-Emus
   Google Scholar
• Silva, J. H. V., J. Jordão Filho, E. L. Silva, M. L. G. Ribeiro, and D. A. Furtado. 2005. “Efeito Do Bebedouro E Da Densidade De Alojamento No Desempenho De Frangos Alojados Em Alta Temperatura.” Revista Brasileira De Engenharia Agrícola E Ambiental 9: 636–641. doi:10.1590/S1415-43662005000400030.
   Google Scholar
• Standing Committee of the European Convention for the Protection of Animals Kept for Farming Purposes (1997). Recommendation Concerning Ratites (Ostriches, Emus And Rheas). Retrieved from http://www.coe.int/t/e/legal_affairs/legal_co-operation/biological_safety_and_use_of_animals/farming/Rec%20ratites%20E.asp
   Google Scholar
• Syafwan, S., G. J. D. Wermink, R. P. Kwakkel, and M. W. A. Verstegen. 2012. “Dietary Self-Selection by Broilers at Normal and High Temperature Changes Feed Intake Behavior, Nutrient Intake, and Performance.” Poultry Science 91: 537–549. doi:10.3382/ps.2011-01559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, P. E., N. C. A. Coerse, and M. Haskell. 2001. “The Effects of Operant Control over Food and Light on the Behavior of Domectic Hens.” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 71: 319–333. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00182-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinbergen, N. 1951. The Study of Instinct. London, U.K: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tinbergen, N. 1971. The Herring Gull’s World: A Study of the Social Behaviour of Birds (The New Naturalist) (Revised. London, U.K.: Harper&Row.
   Google Scholar
• Tully, T. N., and S. M. Shane. 1996. “Husbandry Practicesas Related to Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Farmed Ratites.” OIE Revue Scientifique Et Technique 15 (1): 73–89. doi:10.20506/rst.15.1.916.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Underhill, D. 1993. Australia’s Dangerous Creatures. Sydney, Australia: Reader’s Digest.
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Meulen, J., C. Kwakernaak, and C. A. Kan. 2008. “Sand Intake by Laying Hens and Its Effect on Egg Production Parameters.” Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 92 (4): 426–431. doi:10.1111/jpn.2008.92.issue-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood-Gush, D. G. M. 1971. The Behaviour of the Domestic Fowl. London, U.K.: Heineman Education Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ziggity Systems Inc. 2004. “Understanding Broiler Drinking Behaviour.” International Poultry Production 12 (4): 37.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, P. H., A. C. Lindberg, S. J. Pope, E. Glen, J. E. Bolhuis, and C. J. Nicol. 2006. “The Effect of Stocking Density, Flock Size and Modified Management on Laying Hen Behaviour and Welfare in a Non-Cage System.” Applied Animal Behaviour Science 101: 111–124. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.01.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar