Energy and nitrogen metabolism and oxygen use by broilers susceptible to ascites and grown at three environmental temperatures

References

• Bj⊘nnes , P.O. , Aulie , A. and H⊘iby , M. 1987 . Effects of hypoxia on the metabolism of embryos and chicks of domestic fowl . Journal of Experimental Zoology , Supplement 1 : 209 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Brouwer , H.P. 1965 . “ Report of subcommittee on constants and factors, ” . In Proceedings of the 3rd EAAP Symposium on the Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals, , Edited by: Blaxter , K.L. 441 – 443 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burton , R.R. and Smith , A.H. 1967 . Effect of polycythemia and chronic hypoxia on heart mass in the chicken. . Journal of Applied Physiology, , 22 : 782 – 785 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cueva , S. , Sillau , H.L. , Valenzuela , A. and Ploog , H. 1974 . High altitude induced pulmonary hypertension and right heart failure in broiler chickens. . Research in Veterinary Science, , 16 : 370 – 374 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell , D.J. 1972 . An indirect closed circuit respiration chamber suitable for fowl. . Poultry Science, , 51 : 683 – 688 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell , D.J. and Swain , S. 1977 . Effects of temperature on the energy and nitrogen metabolism of fed chickens. . British Poultry Science, , 18 : 735 – 748 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell , D.J. and Williams , V.J. 1989 . Calorimetric measurements made on rats during repeated periods of weight gain and weight loss . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, , 94A : 61 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , C. 1984 . “ Fat deposition in broilers, ” . In Fats and Animal Nutrition, , Edited by: Wiseman , J. 437 – 470 . London : Butterworths .
   Google Scholar
• Huchzermeyer , F.W. and De Ruyck , A.M. C. 1986 . Pulmonary hypertension syndrome associated with ascites in broilers . Veterinary Record, , 119 : 94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huchzermeyer , F.W. , De Ruyck , A.M. C. and Van Ark , H. 1988 . Broiler pulmonary hypertension syndrome III Commercial broiler strains differ in their susceptibility. . Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, , 55 : 5 – 9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huchzermeyer , F.W. , Van Der Colf , W.J. and Guinane , P.R. 1989 . Broiler ascites: increased oxygen demand with cold may explain high winter incidence . South African Poultry Association Poultry Bulletin , : 474
   Google Scholar
• Hunt , J.R. and Simkiss , K. 1967 . Acute respiratory acidosis in the domestic fowl. . Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, , 21 : 223 – 230 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , G.P. D. and Farrell , D.J. 1992a . Early‐life food restriction of broiler chickens. II. Effects of food restriction on the development of fat tissue. . British Poultry Science, , 33 : 579 – 591 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , G.P. D. and Farrell , D.J. 1992b . “ The growth of broilers in a superoxygenated atmosphere ” . In Australian Poultry Science Symposium , 156 Sydney Australia : University of Sydney .
   Google Scholar
• Maclaury , D.W. and Johnson , T.H. 1972 . Selection for high and low oxygen consumption in chickens. . Poultry Science, , 51 : 591 – 597 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastika , I.M. 1987 . Some basic principles underlying free‐choice feeding of growing chickens , University of New England . Ph.D. Thesis,
   Google Scholar
• Pym , R.A. E. , Nicholls , P.J. , Thomson , E. , Choice , A. and Farrell , D J. 1984 . Energy and nitrogen metabolism of broilers selected over ten generations for increased growth rate, food consumption and conversion of feed to gain. . British Poultry Science, , 25 : 529 – 539 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheele , C.W. , De Wit , W. , Frankenhuis , M.T. and Vereijken , P.F. G. 1991 . Ascites in broilers. 1. Experimental factors evoking symptoms related to ascites. . Poultry Science, , 70 : 1069 – 1083 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapira , N. , Nir , I. and Budowski , P. 1978 . Response of lipogenic enzymes to overfeeding in liver and adipose tissue of light and heavy breeds of chicks. . British Journal of Nutrition, , 39 : 151 – 157 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shlosberg , A. , Berman , E. , Bendheim , U. and Plavnik , I. 1991 . Controlled early feed restriction as a potential means of reducing the incidence of ascites in broilers. . Avian Diseases, , 35 : 681 – 684 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steel , R.G. D. and Torrie , J.H. 1980 . Principles and Procedures of Statistics: a Biometrieal Approach , New York : McGraw‐Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , P.A. and Muir , W.M. 1982 . The effect of varying protein levels on carcass composition and nutrient utilization on two lines of chickens divergently selected for O2 consumption. . Poultry Science, , 61 : 1 – 11 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , P.A. , Muir , W.M. , Begin , J.J. and Johnson , T.H. 1980 . Feed efficiency and gain responses to protein levels in two lines of birds selected for oxygen consumption. . Poultry Science, , 59 : 2692 – 2696 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summers , J.D. , Bedford , M. and Spratt , D. 1987 . Sudden death syndrome: is it a metabolic disease? . Feedstuff's (Minneapolis) , 59 (4) : 20
   Google Scholar
• Tomas , F.M. , Jones , L.M. and Pym , R.A. E. 1988 . Rates of muscle protein breakdown in chickens selected for increased growth rate, food consumption or efficiency of food utilization as assessed by NT‐methylhistidine excretion. . British Poultry Science, , 29 : 359 – 370 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomas , F.M. , Pym , R.A. E. and Johnson , R.J. 1991 . Muscle protein turnover in chickens selected for increased growth rate, food consumption or efficiency of feed utilization: effects of genotype and relationship to plasma IGF‐I and growth hormone. . British Poultry Science, , 32 : 363 – 376 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker , T.R. and Farrell , DJ . 1976 . Energy and nitrogen metabolism of diseased chickens: interaction of Ascaridia galli infestation and vitamin A status. . British Poultry Science, , 17 : 63 – 77 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wethli , E. and Wessels , J.P. H. 1973 . The associations between body fat content and thyroid activity, feed intake, mass gain, feed conversion and final body mass in growing chickens. . Agroanimalia, , 5 : 83 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Wideman , R.F. 1984 . Fisiologica del edema y Ascites en polios . VII Ciclo International de Conferendas Sobre ‘Avicultura, Proceedings , : 189 – 217 .
   Google Scholar
• Wideman , R.F. 1988 . Ascites in poultry. . Monsanto Nutrition Update, , 6 : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Znaniecka , G. 1969 . “ Calorific value of protein and fat of the chicken's body, ” . In Proceedings of the 4th EAAP Symposium on the Energy Metabolism of Farm Animals, , Edited by: Blaxter , K.L. , Kielanowski , J. and Thorbek , G. 407 Newcastle‐upon‐Tyne : Oriel Press .
   Google Scholar