Studies on acid oils and fatty acids for chickens. II. Effect of free fatty acid content and degree of saturation of free fatty acids and neutral fat on fatty acid digestibility

References

• Annison , E.F. 1974 . “ Dietary sources of energy ” . In Energy Requirements of Poultry , Edited by: Morris , T.R. and Freeman , B.M. 135 – 149 . Edinburgh : British Poultry Science .
   Google Scholar
• Artman , N.R. 1964 . Interactions of fats and fatty acids as energy sources for the chick . Poultry Science , 43 : 994 – 1004 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association of Official Agricultural Chemists . 1990 . Official Methods of Analysis, , 15th edn , Washington, DC : AOAC .
   Google Scholar
• Atteh , J.O. and Leeson , S. 1983 . Effects of dietary fatty acids and calcium levels on performance and mineral metabolism of broiler chickens . Poultry Science , 62 : 2412 – 2419 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bourdillon , A. , Carré , B. , Conan , L. , Duperray , J. , Huyghebaert , G. , Leclercq , B. , Lessire , M. , Mcnab , J. and Wiseman , J. 1990a . European reference method for the in vivo determination of metabolisable energy with adult cockerels: reproducibility, effect of food intake and comparison with individual laboratory methods . British Poultry Science , 31 : 557 – 565 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourdillon , A. , Carré , B. , Conan , L. , Francesch , M. , Fuentes , M. , Huyghebaert , G. , Janssen , W.M.M.A. , Leclercq , B. , Lessire , M. , Mcnab , J. , Rigoni , M. and Wiseman , J. 1990b . European reference of in vivo determination of metabolisable energy in poultry: reproducibility, effect of age, comparison with predicted values . British Poultry Science , 31 : 567 – 576 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtin , L.V. and Raper , J.T. 1956 . Feeding value of hydrolized vegetable fats in broiler rations . Poultry Science , 35 : 273 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan , D.B. 1955 . Multiple range and multiple F test . Biometrics , 11 : 1 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folch , J. , Lees , M. and Stanley , G.H.S. 1957 . A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues . Journal of Biological Chemistry , 226 : 497 – 509 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman , C.P. 1976 . “ Digestion and absorption of fat ” . In Digestion in the Fowl , Edited by: Boorman , K.N. and Freeman , B.N. 117 – 142 . Edinburgh : British Poultry Science .
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , C.P. 1984 . “ The digestion, absorption and transport of fats—non ruminants ” . In Fats in Animal Nutrition , Edited by: Wiseman , J. 105 – 122 . London : Butterworths .
   Google Scholar
• Håkansson , J. 1974 . Factors affecting the digestibility of fats and fatty acids in chicks and hens . Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research , 4 : 33 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , F.W. and Anderson , D.L. 1958 . Comparison of metabolizable energy and productive determinations with growing chicks . Journal of Nutrition , 64 : 587 – 603 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketels , E. and De Groote , G. 1987 . Effect of fat source and level fat inclusion on the utilisation of fatty acids in broiler diets . Archiv für Geflügelkunde , 51 (4) : 127 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketels , E. , Huyghebaert , G. and De Groote , G. 1987 . The nutritional value of commercial fat blends in broiler diets. 1. Effect of the incorporation level on the metabolizable energy content . Archiv für Geflügelkunde , 51 (2) : 59 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krogdahl , A. 1985 . Digestion and absorption of lipids in poultry . Journal of Nutrition , 115 : 675 – 685 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lall , S.P. and Slinger , S.J. 1973 . The metabolizable energy content of rapeseed oils and rapeseed oil foots and the effect of blending with other fats . Poultry Science , 52 : 143 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , D. and Payne , C.G. 1966 . Fats and amino acids in broiler rations. 6.—Synergistic relationships in fatty acid utilization . British Poultry Science , 6 : 209 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , D. and Wiseman , J. . The use of added fat in rations for growing pigs . International Symposium on Animal Fats in Pig Feeding . Dubrovnik. pp. 102 – 110 . National Renderers Association .
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council . 1984 . Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, , 8th edn , 71 Washington, DC : National Academy Press .
   Google Scholar
• Renner , R. and Hill , F.W. 1961 . Factors affecting the absorbability of saturated fatty acids in the chick . Journal of Nutrition , 74 : 254 – 258 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAS Institute . 1987 . SAS User's Guide: Version 6.04 , Cary, NC : SAS Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Sibbald , I.R. , Slinger , S.J. and Ashton , G.C. 1962 . The utilization of a number of fats, fatty materials and mixtures thereof evaluated in terms of metabolizable energy, chick weight gains and gain: feed ratios . Poultry Science , 41 : 46 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sklan , D. 1979 . Digestion and absorption of lipids in chicks fed triglycerides or free fatty acids: synthesis of monoglycerides in the intestine . Poultry Science , 58 : 885 – 889 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiseman , J. and Lessire , M. 1987 . Interactions between fats of differing chemical content: apparent availability of fatty acids . British Poultry Science , 28 : 677 – 691 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiseman , J. and Salvador , F. 1991 . The influence of free fatty acid content and degree of saturation on the apparent metabolizable energy value of fats fed to broilers . Poultry Science , 70 : 573 – 582 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiseman , J. , Edmunds , B.K. and Shepperson , N. 1992 . The apparent metabolisable energy of sunflower oil and sunflower acid oil for broiler chickens . Animal Feed Science and Technology , 36 : 42 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Wiseman , J. , Salvador , F. and Craigon , J. 1991 . Prediction of the apparent metabolizable energy content of fats fed to broiler chicks . Poultry Science , 70 : 1527 – 1533 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , R.J. 1961 . The energy value of fats and fatty acids for chicks. 1.—Metabolizable energy . Poultry Science , 40 : 1225 – 1233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , R.J. and Artman , N.R. 1961 . The energy value of fats and fatty acids for chicks. 2.—Evaluated by controlled feed intake . Poultry Science , 40 : 1653 – 1662 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young , R.J. and Garrett , R.L. 1963 . Effect of oleic and linoleic acids on the absorption of saturated fatty acids in the chick . Journal of Nutrition , 81 : 321 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zumbado , M.E. , Pérez , E. and Guttiérrez , C.R. 1992 . Responses of broilers to acid palm oil varying in free fatty acid content and fed at different ages . Poultry Science , 71 (Suppl. 1) : 115
   Google Scholar
• To whom correspondence should be addressed.
   Google Scholar