Fellow-townsmenship as the mechanism for exploring and exploiting business opportunities: A longitudinal reflection of the nineteenth century Ningbo entrepreneurs in Shanghai

References

• “Acquisition to Sharpen Shuanghui's Edge.” China Daily, May 31, 2013. http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2013-05/31/content_16549659.htm.
   Google Scholar
• AbeShigeyuki. “Is ‘China Fear’ Warranted? Perspectives from Japan's Trade and Investment Relationships with China.” Asian Economic Papers2, no. 2 (2003): 106–131.
   Google Scholar
• AdlerPaul S., BarbaraGoldoftas, and David I.Levine. “Flexibility Versus Efficiency? A Case Study of Model Changeovers in the Toyota Production System.” Organization Science10, no. 1 (1999): 34–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AlvarezSharon A., and Jay B.Barney. “Discovery and Creation: Alternative Theories of Entrepreneurial Action.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal1, no. 1–2 (2007): 11–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AndriopoulosConstantine, and Marianne W.Lewis. “Exploitation-Exploration Tensions and Organizational Ambidexterity: Managing Paradoxes of Innovation.” Organization Science20, no. 4 (2009): 696–717.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AralSinan, LevMuchnik, and ArunSundararajan. “Distinguishing Influence-Based Contagion from Homophily-Driven Diffusion in Dynamic Networks.” Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences – PNAS106, no. 51 (2009): 21544–21549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AuKevin, and Ho KwongKwan. “Start-up Capital and Chinese Entrepreneurs: The Role of Family.” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice33, no. 4 (2009): 889–908.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BainbridgeWilliam Sims, and RodneyStark. “Friendship, Religion and the Occult: A Network Study.” Review of Religious Research22, no. 4 (1981): 313–327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BarretoIlídio. “Solving the Entrepreneurial Puzzle: The Role of Entrepreneurial Interpretation in Opportunity Formation and Related Processes.” Journal of Management Studies49, no. 2 (2012): 356–380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BeckmanChristine M. “The Influence of Founding Team Company Affiliations on Firm Behavior.” Academy of Management Journal49, no. 4 (2006): 741–758.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BernardH. Russell, Peter D.Killworth, and LeeSailer. “Summary of Research on Informant Accuracy in Network Data, and on the Reverse Small World Problem.” Connections4, no. 2 (1981): 11–25.
   Google Scholar
• BierlyPaul E., and Paula S.Daly. “Alternative Knowledge Strategies, Competitive Environment, and Organizational Performance in Small Manufacturing Firms.” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice31, no. 4 (2007): 493–516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BurtRonald S. “The Gender of Social Capital.” Rationality and Society10, no. 1 (1998): 5–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BusenitzLowell W., and Chung-MingLau. “Growth Intentions of Entrepreneurs in a Transitional Economy: The People's Republic of China.” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice26, no. 1 (2001): 5–20.
   Google Scholar
• CaoQing, EricGedajlovic, and HongpingZhang. “Unpacking Organizational Ambidexterity: Dimensions, Contingencies, and Synergistic Effects.” Organization Science20, no. 4 (2009): 781–796.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CardonMellissa S., JoakinWincent, JagdipSingh, and MatejaDrnovsek. “The Nature and Experience of Entrepreneurial Passion.” Academy of Management Review34, no. 3 (2009): 511–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenC. “The Rise of Ningbo Bang in Shanghai” [In Chinese]. Shanghai Business, no. 1 (2005): 2.
   Google Scholar
• ChenChao C., Ya-RuChen, and KatherineXin. “Guanxi Practices and Trust in Management: A Procedural Justice Perspective.” Organization Science15, no. 2 (2004): 200–209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ChenL., and Z.Lu. “The Rise and Decline of Shanghai Junk Shipping Industry” [In Chinese]. Navigation, no. 4 (1982): 2.
   Google Scholar
• ChenS. “宁波帮研究” [In Chinese] [The Study of Ningbo Bang]. Beijing: China Literature and History Press, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• ChenZhiming. “迁徙、家乡与认同 文化比较视野下的海外华人研究” [In Chinese] [Migration, Hometown and Self-identity: The Study of Overseas Chinese Under Cultural Comparison]. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• ChuJ. “宁波帮与中国近代银行” [In Chinese] [Ningbo Bang and Chinese Modern Banks]. Beijing: China Literature and History Press, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• ChungWalter W. C., Candy C. Y.Ko, Eric W. M.Cheung, and Thomas C. W.Wong. “It-Enhanced Order and Delivery Process of a Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) Company: A Case Study.” Benchmarking: An International Journal14, no. 1 (2007): 123–139.
   Google Scholar
• ColemanJames S. “Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital.” American Journal of Sociology 94, Supplement: Organizations and Institutions: Sociological and Economic Approaches to the Analysis of Social Structure (1988): S95–S120.
   Google Scholar
• CompanysYosem E., and Jeffery S.McMullen. “Strategic Entrepreneurs at Work: The Nature, Discovery, and Exploitation of Entrepreneurial Opportunities.” Small Business Economics28, no. 4 (2007): 301–322.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CorbettAndrew C. “Experiential Learning within the Process of Opportunity Identification and Exploitation.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice29, no. 4 (2005): 473–491.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CuiB., and D.Zhu. “中国人的关系” [In Chinese] [Chinese“guanxi”]. Beijing: China Social Science Press, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• DimovDimo. “From Opportunity Insight to Opportunity Intention: The Importance of Person-Situation Learning Match.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice31, no. 4 (2007): 561–583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DimovDimo. “Grappling with the Unbearable Elusiveness of Entrepreneurial Opportunities.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice35, no. 1 (2011): 57–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DongY. “Ningbo Bang in Hankou.” [In Chinese]Wuhan Literature and History, no. 1 (2011): 7.
   Google Scholar
• DouJ. “同乡组织之研究” [In Chinese] [The Study of Townsmen Association]. Shanghai: Zhengzhong Publishing, 1943.
   Google Scholar
• DuncanR. “The Ambidextrous Organization: Designing Dual Structures for Innovation.” In The Management of Organization, edited by R. H.Killman, L. R.Pondy, and D.Sleven, 167–188. New York: North Holland, 1976.
   Google Scholar
• EckhardtJonathan T., and Scott A.Shane. “Opportunities and Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Management Studies29, no. 3 (2003): 333–349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EdelmanLinda, and HelenaYli-Renko. “The Impact of Environment and Entrepreneurial Perceptions on Venture-creation Efforts: Bridging the Discovery and Creation Views of Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice34, no. 5 (2010): 833–856.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EllisRobert A. “Social Stratification and Social Relations: An Empirical Test of the Disjunctiveness of Social Classes.” American Sociological Review22, no. 5 (1957): 570–578.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FischerClaude S.Networks and Places: Social Relations in the Urban Setting. New York: Free Press, 1977.
   Google Scholar
• GhoshalSumantra, and Christopher A.Bartlett. “Linking Organizational Context and Managerial Action: The Dimensions of Quality in Management.” Strategic Management Journal15, S2 (1994): 91–112.
   Google Scholar
• GibsonCristina B., and JulianBirkinshaw. “The Antecedents, Consequences and Mediating Role of Organizational Ambidexterity.” Academy of Management Journal47, no. 2 (2004): 209–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GranovetterM. S. “Problems of Explanation in Economic Sociology.” In Networks and Organizations: Structure, Form and Action, edited by N.Nohria and R.Eccles, 25–56. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• GrégoireDenis A., Pamela S.Barr, and Dean A.Shepherd. “Cognitive Processes of Opportunity Recognition: The Role of Structural Alignment.” Organization Science21, no. 1 (2010): 413–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GulatiRanjay, and PhanishPuranam. “Renewal Through Reorganization: The Value of Inconsistencies between Formal and Informal Organization.” Organization Science20, no. 2 (2009): 422–440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GuoX. “老上海的同乡团体” [In Chinese] [The Townsmen Association in Old Shanghai]. Shanghai: Wenhui Press, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• GuptaAnil K., Ken G.Smith, and Christina E.Shalley. “The Interplay Between Exploration and Exploitation.” Academy of Management Journal49, no. 4 (2006): 693–706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HarveyCharles, and JonPress. “The City and International Mining, 1870–1914.” Business History32, no. 3 (1990): 98–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HeZi-Lin, and Poh-KamWong. “Exploration vs. Exploitation: An Empirical Test of the Ambidexterity Hypothesis.” Organization Science15, no. 4 (2004): 481–494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HuS. “Li Shanxiang, the Pride of Ningbo Bang” [In Chinese]. Shanghai Bund, no. 11 (1991):
   Google Scholar
• HuaC. “宁波帮与中国近代金融业” [In Chinese] [Ningbo Bang and China Modern Financial Industry]. Beijing: China Literature and History Press, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• IbarraHerminia. “Homophily and Differential Returns: Sex Differences in Network Structure and Access in an Advertising Firm.” Administrative Science Quarterly37, no. 3 (1992): 422–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IbarraHerminia. “Personal Networks of Women and Minorities in Management: A Conceptual Framework.” Academy of Management Review18, no. 1 (1993): 56–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IbarraHerminia. “Race, Opportunity, and Diversity of Social Circles in Managerial Networks.” Academy of Management Journal38, no. 3 (1995): 673–703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IngramPaul, and Michael W.Morris. “Do People Mix at Mixers? Structure, Homophily, and the ‘Life of the Party’.” Administrative Science Quarterly52, no. 4 (2007): 558–585.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• JinL. “About the Rise and Decline of Junk Shipping Industry” [In Chinese]. Journal of Shanghai Maritime University13, no. 1 (1992): 9.
   Google Scholar
• JinP. “The Characteristics of Ningbo Bang Culture” [In Chinese]. Architecture & Culture, no. 5 (2008): 2.
   Google Scholar
• JinP., and S.Sun. “宁波帮大辞典” [In Chinese] [Comprehensive Dictionary of Businessmen of Ningbo Origin]. Ningbo: Ningbo Press, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• KaneGerald C., and MaryamAlavi. “Information Technology and Organizational Learning: An Investigation of Exploration and Exploitation Processes.” Organization Science18, no. 5 (2007): 796–812.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KaufmanRobert L.Race, Gender, and the Labor Market: Inequalities at Work. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• KeilThomas, Markku V. J.Maula, and CameronWilson. “Unique Resources of Corporate Venture Capitalists as a Key to Entry into Rigid Venture Capital Syndication Networks.” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice34, no. 1 (2010): 83–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KleinbaumAdam M., Toby E.Stuart, and Michael L.Tushman. “Discretion Within Constraint: Homophily and Structure in a Formal Organization.” Organization Science24, no. 5 (2013): 1316–1336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KöllElisabeth. From Cotton Mill to Business Empire: The Emergence of Regional Enterprises in Regional China. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• KossinetsGueorgi, and Duncan J.Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American Journal of Sociology115, no. 2 (2009): 405–450.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LasswellThomas E. “A Study of Social Stratification Using an Area Sample of Raters.” American Sociological Review19, no. 3 (1954): 310–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaumannEdward O.Prestige and Association in an Urban Community. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1966.
   Google Scholar
• LiJ. “宁波人在上海系列丛书第一辑——创业上海滩” [In Chinese] [Start Business in Shanghai Beach], 1st ed.Shanghai: Shanghai Science and Technical Literature Press, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• LiangC., and M.Zheng. “华侨华人史研究集 2” [In Chinese] [The Study of the Overseas Chinese History 2]. Beijing: Maritime Press, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• LinS. “宁波商人” [In Chinese] [Ningbo Businessman], 1st ed.Fuzhou: Fujian People Press, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• LoKevin D. “Chinese Guanxi and Anglo-American Networking: A Comparative Investigation of Cross-Cultural Interpersonal Business Relationships.” Journal of International Management Studies7, no. 2 (2012): 216–223.
   Google Scholar
• López-MorellMiguel A., and José M.O'Kean. “A Stable Network as a Source of Entrepreneurial Opportunities: The Rothschilds in Spain, 1835–1931.” Business History50, no. 2 (2008): 163–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LovettSteve, Lee C.Simmons, and RajaKali. “Guanxi Versus the Market: Ethics and Efficiency.” Journal of International Business Studies30, no. 2 (1999): 231–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LuF. “浙商论：当今世界之中国第一民商” [In Chinese] [Discussion About Zhejiang Merchants], 1st ed.Beijing: China Development Press, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• MarchJames G. “Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning.” Organization Science2, no. 1 (1991): 71–87.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MarsdenPeter V. “Homogeneity in Confiding Relations.” Social Networks10, no. 1 (1988): 57–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDadeKatie. “Liverpool Slave Merchant Entrepreneurial Networks.” Business History53, no. 7 (2011): 1092–1109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMullenJeffery S., D. RayBagby, and Leslie E.Palich. “Economic Freedom and the Motivation to Engage in Entrepreneurial Action.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice32, no. 5 (2008): 875–895.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPhersonJ. Miller, and LynnSmith-Lovin. “Homophily in Voluntary Organizations: Status Distance and the Composition of Face-to-Face Groups.” American Sociological Review52, no. 3 (1987): 370–379.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPhersonMiller, LynnSmith-Lovin, and James M.Cook. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks.” Annual Review of Sociology27, no. 1 (2001): 415–416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MuellerSusan, ThierryVolery, and Björnvon Siemens. “What Do Entrepreneurs Actually Do?: An Observational Study of Entrepreneurs' Everyday Behavior in the Start-up and Growth Stages.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice36, no. 5 (2012): 995–1017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NahapietJanine, and SumantraGhoshal. “Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage.” Academy of Management Review23, no. 2 (1998): 242–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OrrJ. “Sharing Knowledge, Celebrating Identity: Community Memory in a Service Culture.” In Collective Remembering, edited by D.Middleton and D.Edwards, 169–189. London: Sage, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• ParsonsMike C., and Mary B.Rose. “Communities of Knowledge: Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Networks in the British Outdoor Trade, 1960–1990.” Business History46, no. 4 (2004): 609–639.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PatelPankaj C., and James O.Fiet. “Knowledge Combination and the Potential Advantages of Family Firms in Searching for Opportunities.” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice35, no. 6 (2011): 1179–1197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PérezPaloma Fernández, and NúriaPuig. “Knowledge and Training in Family Firms of the European Periphery: Spain in the Eighteenth to Twentieth Centuries.” Business History46, no. 1 (2004): 79–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PhillipsNelson, PaulTracey, and NeriKarra. “Building Entrepreneurial Tie Portfolios through Strategic Homophily: The Role of Narrative Identity Work in Venture Creation and Early Growth.” Journal of Business Venturing28, no. 1 (2013): 134–150.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PufferSheila M., Daniel J.McCarthy, and MaxBoisot. “Entrepreneurship in Russia and China: The Impact of Formal Institutional Voids.” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice34, no. 3 (2010): 441–467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• QinK. “The Rise of Financiers from Ningbo Bang in Shanghai” [In Chinese]. Gujintan, no. 2 (2006): 3.
   Google Scholar
• QinK.宁波帮百年风云录 [In Chinese] [The History of Ningbo Bang in the Past 100 Years], 1st ed.Hangzhou: Zhejiang Gongshang University Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• ReagansRay. “Close Encounters: Analyzing How Social Similarity and Propinquity Contribute to Strong Network Connections.” Organization Science22, no. 4 (2011): 835–849.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RopoArja, and James G.Hunt. “Entrepreneurial Processes as Virtuous and Vicious Spirals in a Changing Opportunity Structure: A Paradoxical Perspective.” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice19, no. 3 (1995): 91–111.
   Google Scholar
• RoscoePhilip, Allan DiscuaCruz, and CaroleHoworth. “How Does an Old Firm Learn New Tricks? A Material Account of Entrepreneurial Opportunity.” Business History55, no. 1 (2013): 53–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RuefMartin, Howard E.Aldrich, and Nancy M.Carter. “The Structure of Founding Teams: Homophily, Strong Ties and Isolation among U.S. Entrepreneurs.” American Sociological Review68, no. 2 (2003): 195–222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SarasvathySaras D. “Causation and Effectuation: Toward a Theoretical Shift from Economic Inevitability to Entrepreneurial Contingency.” Academy of Management Review26, no. 2 (2001): 243–263.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SarasvathyS. D., and S.Read. “Entrepreneurial Expertise.” In The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Management, Volume Iii, Entrepreneurship, edited by M. A.Hitt and R. D.Ireland, 77–80. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• SchreyöggGeorg, and JörgSydow. “Organizing for Fluidity? Dilemmas for New Organizational Forms.” Organization Science21, no. 6 (2010): 1251–1262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SchumpeterJoseph Alois. The Theory of Economic Development. Boston, MA: Harvard University Press, 1934.
   Google Scholar
• ShaneScott. “Prior Knowledge and the Discovery of Entrepreneurial Opportunities.” Organization Science11, no. 4 (2000): 448–469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShaneScott, and S.Venkataraman. “The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research.” Academy of Management Review25, no. 1 (2000): 217–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SharmaPramodita, and CarloSalvato. “Commentary: Exploiting and Exploring New Opportunities over Life Cycle Stages of Family Firms.” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice35, no. 6 (2011): 1199–1205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShepherdDean A., and Dawn R.DeTienne. “Prior Knowledge, Potential Financial Reward, and Opportunity Identification.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice29, no. 1 (2005): 91–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ShiT., Y.Zhao, S.Zhai, X.Jin, and Q.Duan. “Discussion of How Ningbo Business Group Develop Their Business in Tianjin” [In Chinese]. China High-tech Enterprise, no. 12 (2008): 2.
   Google Scholar
• SimonMark, and MichaelLamb. “China International Trade Associates, Ltd: A New Venture's Journey into China.” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice19, no. 4 (1995): 81–104.
   Google Scholar
• SimsekZeki. “Organizational Ambidexterity: Towards a Multilevel Understanding.” Journal of Management Studies46, no. 4 (2009): 597–624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SineWesley D., and Robert J.David. “Environmental Jolts, Institutional Change, and the Creation of Entrepreneurial Opportunity in the US Electric Power Industry.” Research Policy32, no. 2 (2003): 185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SmithWendy K., and Michael L.Tushman. “Managing Strategic Contradictions: A Top Management Model for Managing Innovation Streams.” Organization Science16, no. 5 (2005): 522–536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SunQ. “About the Formation of the Cultural Value Orientation of Ningbo Bang” [In Chinese]. Journal of Zhejiang Wanli University, no. 1 (2005): 3.
   Google Scholar
• SunS., and Z.Li. “The Historical Factors and Functions of the Formation of Modern Ningbo Bang” [In Chinese]. Archives and History, no. 4 (1997): 4.
   Google Scholar
• TushmanMichael L., and Charles A.O'ReillyIII. “Ambidextrous Organizations: Managing Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change.” California Management Review38, no. 4 (1996): 8–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WangF., and C.Ji. “宁波近代商帮的变迁” [In Chinese] [The Changes of Ningbo Modern Business Group], 3rd ed.Ningbo: Ningbo Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• WangJ. “中国人际关系” [In Chinese] [Chinese Interpersonal Relations]. Taiyuan: Shanxi People Press, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• WenB. “The Achievement of Baoshun Ship” [In Chinese]. Navigation, no. 2 (1992): 2.
   Google Scholar
• WuLehua. “海外华侨 南洋篇” [In Chinese] [Overseas Chinese, The Part of Southeast Asia]. Beijing: China International Radio Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• XieJunmei. “The Historical Review of the Open of Ningbo Port by the West and the Formation of Ningbo Bang” [In Chinese]. Journal of East China Normal University:Philosophy and Social Sciences37, no. 1 (2005): 8–13.
   Google Scholar
• XieJ. “交往的姿态与艺术 中国人的人际观” [In Chinese] [The Attitudes and Arts of Contact: Chinese Interpersonal Perspective]. Nanning: Guangxi People press, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• XinKatherine K., and Jone L.Pearce. “Guanxi: Connections as Substitutes for Formal Institutional Support.” Academy of Management Journal39, no. 6 (1996): 1641–1658.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YangX. “近现代宁波帮航运史” [In Chinese] [The History of Shipping of Modern Ningbo Bang]. Harbin: Heilongjiang Education Press, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• YinT. “浙商与近代浙江社会变迁.” [In Chinese] [Businessmen from Zhejiang and Transformation of Modern Society in Zhejiang]1st ed.Beijing: China social science Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• YueY. “宁波帮经营理念研究” [In Chinese] [Ningbo Bang Operation Theory Study]. Ningbo: Ningbo Press, 2004.
   Google Scholar
• ZhangJing, VangelisSouitaris, Pek-hooiSoh, and Poh-kamWong. “A Contingent Model of Network Utilization in Early Financing of Technology Ventures.” Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice32, no. 4 (2008): 593–613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ZhangS. “宁波帮志 历史卷” [In Chinese] [Ningbo Bang Annals, About the History]. Beijing: China Social Science Press, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• ZhangS. “宁波商帮史” [In Chinese] [The History of Ningbo Bang], 1st ed.Ningbo: Ningbo Press, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• ZhangS. “转变中的华人价值观-教育、政治与社会结构之互助” [In Chinese] [The Changing Chinese Perspective of Value – The Mutual Support Among Education, Politics and Social Structure]. Taiwan: Shangding Culture Press, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• ZhangY. “The Li's Family from Xiaogang and Ningbo Bang” [In Chinese]. Ningbo Newsreport, no. 1 (2009): 3.
   Google Scholar
• ZhangY. “江南望族：小港李家百年风云” [In Chinese] [The History of Jiangnan: The Distinguished Family of Li], 1st ed.Ningbo: Ningbo Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• ZhengJ. “The Zheng's Business Family and Ningbo Bang” [In Chinese]. Root Exploration, no. 4 (2003): 7.
   Google Scholar
• ZhouJ. “The Open of Shanghai Port Was the Modernization Opportunity of Ningbo Bang.” [In Chinese]Journal of Zhejiang Normal University, no. 4 (1997): 4.
   Google Scholar
• ZhuG., H.Liu, and Z.Chen. “上海移民” [In Chinese] [Shanghai Immigrants]. Shanghai: Shanghai University of Finance & Economics Press, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• ZoninseinManuela S. “The Melting Pot.” PM Network25, no. 1 (2011): 44–51.
   Google Scholar
• ZouX. “Ningbo Chien-Chuang and the Origin of the Commercial Banks in China” [In Chinese]. Journal of Ningbo University24, no. 4 (2013): 6.
   Google Scholar