Hangings in Alberta, with Special Reference to Outdoor Hangings with Decomposition

REFERENCES

• Haglund W.D. Disappearance of Soft Tissue and the Disarticulation of Human Remains from Aqueous Environments. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1993; 38(4): 806–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann R.W., Bass W.M. and Meadows L. Time Since Death and Decomposition of the Human Body: Variables and Observations in Case and Experimental Field Studies. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1990; 35(1): 103–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell L.S., Skinner M.F. and Jones S.J. The Speed of Post Mortem Change to the Human Skeleton and its Taphonomic Significance. Forensic Science International 1996; 82: 129–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez W.C. and Bass W.M. Decomposition of Buried Bodies and Methods that May Aid in their Location. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1985; 30(3): 836–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shean B.S., Messinger L. and Papworth M. Observations of Differential Decomposition on Sun Exposed v. Shaded Pig Carrion in Coastal Washington State. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1993; 38(4): 938–949.
   Google Scholar
• Galloway A., Birkby W.H., Jones A.M., Henry T.E. and Parks B.O. Decay Rates of Human Remains in an Arid Environment. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1989; 34(3): 607–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guamer J. and Hanzlick R. Suicide by Hanging: A Review of 56 Cases. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 1987; 8(1): 23–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• James R. and Silcocks P. Suicidal Hanging in Cardiff—A 15-Year Retrospective Study. Forensic Science International 1992; 56: 167–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luke J.L., Reay D.T., Eisele J.W. and Bonnell H.J. Correlation of Circumstances with Pathological Findings in Asphyxial Deaths by Hanging: A Prospective Study of 61 Cases from Seattle, W A. Journal of Forensic Science 1985; 30(4): 1140–1147.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowen D.A.L.L. Hanging—A Review. Forensic Science International 1982; 20: 247–249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jordan F.B., Schmeckpeper K. and Strope M. Jail Suicide by Hanging: An Epidemiological Review and Recommendations for Prevention. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 1987; 8(1): 27–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonsen J. Patho-Anatomic Findings in Neck Structures in Asphyxiation due to Hanging: A Survey of 80 Cases. Forensic Science International 1988; 38: 83–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saternus K.S. Injury of the Vertebral Artery in Suicidal Hanging. Forensic Science International 1984; 25: 265–275.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perrot L.J., Froede R.C. and Jones A.M. Asphyxiation by hanging in two young Hispanic children-homicide, suicide, or accidental deaths? A review of pediatric hangings. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 1985; 6(4): 284–288.
   Google Scholar
• Cooke C.T., Cadden G.A. and Hilton J.M.N. Unusual Hanging Deaths. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 1988; 9(4): 277–282.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cooke C.T., Cadden G.A. and Hilton J.M.N. Hanging Deaths in Children. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 1989; 10(2): 98–104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spitz W.U. Asphyxia. In Spitz and Fisher's Medicolegal Investigation of Death: Guidelines for the Application of Pathology to Crime Investigation, 3rd ed. Spitz, WU, Ed. Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, 1993, pp. 444–97.
   Google Scholar
• Ubelaker D.H. Hyoid Fracture and Strangulation. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1992; 37(5): 1216–1222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight B. Forensic Pathology. Edward Arnold, London, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Clark M. A. and Kerr F.C. Unusual Hanging Deaths. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1986; 31(2): 747–755.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark M.A., Feczko J.D., Hawley D.A., Pless J.E., Tate L.R. and Fardal P.M. Asphyxial Deaths Due to Hanging in Children. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1993; 38(2): 344–352.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• James R. and Nasmyth-Jones R. The Occurrence of Cervical Fractures in Victims of Judicial Hanging. Forensic Science International 1992; 54: 81–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patel F. Undetected Ligature Self-strangulation: Disadvantage at the Scene of a Decomposed Body. Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 1997; 4: 41–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haglund W.D. Contribution of Rodents to Postmortem Artifacts of Bone and Soft Tissue. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1992; 37(6): 1459–1465.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lew E.O. Homicidal Hanging in a Dyadic Death. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 1988; 9(4): 283–286.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vieira D.N., Pinto A.E. and Sa F.O. Homicidal Hanging. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 1988; 9(4): 287–289.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leth P. and Vesterby A. Homicidal Hanging Masquerading as Suicide. Forensic Science International 1997; 85: 65–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komar D.A. Decay Rates in a Cold Climate Region: A Review of Cases Involving Advanced Decomposition from the Medical Examiner's Office in Edmonton, Alberta. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1998; 43(1): 57–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Komar D.A. Forensic Taphonomy in a Cold Climate Region: A Field Study in Central Alberta and a Potential New Method of Determining Time Since Death. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Alberta, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Haglund W.D. Scattered Skeletal Human Remains: Search Strategy Considerations for Locating Missing Teeth. In Haglund WD, Sorg MH, editors. Forensic Taphonomy: The Postmortem Fate of Human Remains. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1997, pp. 383–394.
   Google Scholar
• Hazelwood, R.R., Dietz, P.E. and Burgess, A.W. Autoerotic Fatalities. Lexington Books, Lexington, MA, 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Byard R.W. and Bramwell N.H. Autoerotic Death: A Definition. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 1991; 12(1): 74–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emson H.E. Accidental Hanging in Autoeroticism: An Unusual Case Occurring Outdoors. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 1983; 4(4): 337–340.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boglioli L.R., Taff M.L., Stephens P.J. and Money J. A Case of Autoerotic Asphyxia Associated with Multiplex Paraphilia. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 1991; 12(1): 64–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uva J.L. Review: Autoerotic Asphyxiation in the United States. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1995; 40(4): 574–581.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hiss J., Rosenberg S.B. and Adelson L. “Swinging in the Park”: An Investigation of an Autoerotic Death. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 1985; 6(3): 250–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byard R.W., Hucker S.J. and Hazelwood R.R. A Comparison of Typical Death Scene Features in Cases of Fatal Male and Female Autoerotic Asphyxia with a Review of the Literature. Forensic Science International 1990; 48: 113–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garza-Leal J.A. and Landron F.J. Autoerotic Asphyxial Death Initially Misinterpreted as Suicide and a Review of the Literature. Journal of Forensic Sciences 1991; 36(6): 1753–1759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wesselius C.L. and Bally R. A Male with Autoerotic Asphyxia Syndrome. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 1983; 4(4): 341–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar