Gunshot residue and airbags: Part I. Assessing the risk of deployed automotive airbags to produce particles similar to gunshot residue

References

• Romolo FS, Margot P. Identification of gunshot residue: a critical review. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;119:119–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalby O, Butler D, Birkett JW. Analysis of gunshot residue and associated materials – a review. J Forensic Sci. 2010;55(4):924–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASTM International. ASTM E1588-17 standard practice for gunshot residue analysis by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry. West Conshohocken, PA, USA: ASTM International; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Scientific Working Group - Gunshot Residue (SWGGSR). Guide for primer gunshot residue analysis by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Brożek-Mucha Z. Chemical and morphological study of gunshot residue persisting on the shooter by means of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry. Microsc Microanal. 2011;17:972–982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsay E, McVicar MJ, Gerard RV, Randall ED, Pearson J. Passive exposure and persistence of gunshot residue (GSR) on bystanders to a shooting: comparison of shooter and bystander exposure to GSR. Can Soc Forensic Sci J. 2011;44(3):89–96.
   Google Scholar
• French J, Morgan R, Davy J. The secondary transfer of gunshot residue: an experimental investigation carried out with SEM-EDX analysis. X-ray Spectrom. 2014;43(1):56–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerard RV, Lindsay E, McVicar MJ, Randall ED, Gapinska A. Observations of gunshot residue associated with police officers, their equipment and their vehicles. Can Soc Forensic Sci J. 2012;45(2):57–63.
   Google Scholar
• Berk RE, Rochowicz SA, Wong M, Kopina MA. Gunshot residue in Chicago police vehicles and facilities: an empirical study. J Forensic Sci. 2007;52(4):838–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grima M, Butler M, Hanson R, Mohameden A. Firework displays as sources of particles similar to gunshot residue. Sci & Justice. 2012;52:49–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosanke KL, Dujay RC, Kosanke BJ. Pyrotechnic reaction residue particle analysis. J Forensic Sci. 2006;51(2):296–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerard RV, Lindsay E, McVicar MJ, Randall ED, Janson N. A survey of primer residues produced by contemporary powder-actuated tool rounds and their relation to gunshot residue. Can Soc Forensic Sci. 2011;44(3):81–88.
   Google Scholar
• Torre C, Mattutino G, Vasino V, Robino C. Brake linings: a source of Non-GSR particles containing lead, barium, and antimony. J Forensic Sci. 2002;47(3):494–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garofano L, Capra M, Ferrari F, Bizzaro GP, Tullio DD, Dell'Olio M, Ghitti A. Gunshot residue: further studies on particles of environmental and occupational origin. Forensic Sci Int. 1999;103:1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingo GM, D'Uffizi M, Falso G, Bultrini G, Padeletti G. Thermal and microchemical investigation of automotive brake pad wear residues. Thermochimica Acta. 2004;418:61–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tucker W, Lucas N, Seyfang KE, Kirkbride P, Popelka-Filcoff RS. Gunshot residue and brakepads: compositional and morphological considerations for forensic casework. Forensic Sci Int. 2017;270:76–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardinetti B, Ciampini C, D'Onofrio C, Orlando G, Gravina L, Ferrari F, Di Tullio D, Torresi L. X-ray mapping technique: a preliminary study in discriminating gunshot residue particles from aggregates of environmental occupational origin. Forensic Sci Int. 2004;143:1–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berk RE. Automated SEM/EDS analysis of airbag residue. I: particle identification. J Forensic Sci. 2009;54(1):60–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berk RE. Automated SEM/EDS analysis of airbag residue. II: airbag residue as a source of percussion primer residue particles. J Forensic Sci. 2009;54(1):69–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolten GM, Nesbitt RS, Calloway AR, Loper GL, Jones PF. Final report on particle analysis for gunshot residue detection, report ATR-77(7915-3). Segundo, CA: The Aerospace Corp; 1977.
   Google Scholar
• Wyatt JM. Analysis of particles produced during airbag deployment by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and their deposition on surrounding surfaces – A mid-research summary. Paper presented at: Scanning Microscopies 2011: Advanced Microscopy Technologies for Defense, Homeland Security, Forensic, Life, Environmental and Industrial Sciences. Proceedings of SPIE; 2011;8036:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Brozek-Mucha Z. Chemical and physical characterization of welding fume particles for distinguishing from gunshot residue. Forensic Sci Int. 2015;254:51–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles S, Nys B, Geusens N. Primer composition and memory effect of weapons—Some trends from a systematic approach in casework. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;212:22–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berk R. Forensic science center at Chicago. Personal communication (email); June 2014.
   Google Scholar