An Analysis of Drawing Techniques used on European Topographic Maps in the Eighteenth Century

References

• Ambers, J., Hook D. and Simpson, A. (2009) “Analysis of John White’s Pigments” In Sloan, K. (Ed) European Visions: American Voices London: The British Museum, pp.67–71.
   Google Scholar
• Anon. (1652) A Book of Drawing London: Limning, Washing or Colouring of Maps and Prints.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, C. (2009) “Constructing the Military Landscape: The Board of Ordnance Maps and Plans of Scotland, 1689–1815” (PhD thesis) The University of Edinburgh.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, J.H. (2009) Maps in those Days: Cartographic Methods before 1850 Dublin: Four Courts Press.
   Google Scholar
• Arnheim, R. (1965) Art and Visual Perception Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baldinucci, F. (1681) Il Vocabolario Toscano dell‘Arte del Disegno Florence: Per Santi Franchi al segno della Passione.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer, H. (1993) Die Kurhannoversche Landesaufnahme des 18. Jahrhunderts Hannover: Niedersächsisches Landesverwaltungsamt – Landesvermessung.
   Google Scholar
• Black, J. (2009). “A Revolution in Military Cartography? Europe 1650–1815” The Journal of Military History 73 pp.49–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonehill, J. and Daniels, S. (Eds) (2009) Paul Sandby: Picturing Britain London: Royal Academy of Arts.
   Google Scholar
• Buchotte, N. (1748) The Art of Fortification Delineated: With Rules for Designing, Drawing, Washing, and Colouring, in the Most Elegant Taste, Particular Works and Buildings, and Their Plans, Elevations, Sections, Profiles, and Fronts, in Civil and Military Architecture, translated by J. Dinsdale, London.
   Google Scholar
• Buchotte, N. (1754) Les Règles du dessin et du lavis pour les plans particuliers des ouvrages et des bâtimens et pour leurs coupes, profils, élévations et façades, tant de l'architecture militaire que civile 3rd ed Paris.
   Google Scholar
• Coombs, K. (2009) “A Kind of Gentle Painting: Limning in 16th-Century England” In Sloan, K. (Ed) European Visions: American Voices’ London: The British Museum, pp.77–84
   Google Scholar
• De Coene, K., T. Ogena, F. Stragier, S. Vervust, W. Bracke and P. De Maeyer (2012) “Ferraris, the Legend” The Cartographic Journal, 49 (1) pp.30–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delapierre, E. and Krings C. (2005) Rubens contre Poussin: la querelle du coloris dans la peinture française à la fin du XVIIe siècle, exh. cat. Arras: Musée des Beaux-Arts d'Arras.
   Google Scholar
• Dörflinger, J. (1989) Die Landesaufnahmen des österreichischen Generalquatiermeisterstabes 1749–1854, Karlruhes Geowissenschafteliche Schriften, Reihe C: Alte Karten, Fachhochschule Karlsruhe.
   Google Scholar
• Dufour, L. (1995) La Sicilia disegnata. La carta di Samuel Von Schmettau 1720-1721 Palermo: Libreria Piani già Naturalistica.
   Google Scholar
• Engberg-Pedersen, A. (2015) Empire of Chance: the Napoleonic Wars and the Disorder of Things Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hanke, M. (1935) Geschichte der amtlichen Kartographie Brandenburg-Preußens bis zum Ausgang der Friderizianischen Zeit, Geographische Abhandlungen, Reihe 3, 7. Stuttgart.
   Google Scholar
• Harley, B., (1978) “The Contemporary Mapping of the American Revolutionary War” In Harley, J.B., Petchenik, Barbara Bartz and Towner, Lawrence W. (Eds) Mapping the American Revolutionary War Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp.1–44.
   Google Scholar
• Harley, J.B. (1991) “Can There Be a Cartographic Ethics?” Cartographic Perspectives 10 pp.9–16.
   Google Scholar
• Harsson, B.G. and Aanrud, R. (2016) Med kart skal landet bygges – Oppmåling og kartlegging av Norge 1773–2016 Hønefoss: Statens Kartverket.
   Google Scholar
• Hewitt, R. (2010) Map of a Nation: A Biography of the Ordnance Survey London: Granta Books.
   Google Scholar
• Hirsch, K. (1888–1907) Fortegnelse over danske od norske Officerre 1648–1814 Vols. 1–12, MSc, Kopenhagen: Det Kongelige Bibliotek, Slotsholmen Laesesal Vest ACNS mili Hirs.
   Google Scholar
• Hodson, Y. (1989) Ordnance Surveyors’ Drawings 1789-c.1840: the Original Manuscript Maps of the First Ordnance Survey of England and Wales from the British Library London: British Map Library.
   Google Scholar
• Hodson, Y. (1991) “The Highland Survey 1747–1755 and the Scottish School of Cartography. Opening up the Highlands Highland History and Archives” In Scottish Records. Association Conference Report, 17, pp.1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Hogreve, J.L. (1773) Praktischen Anweisung zur topographischen Vermessung eines ganzen Landes Hanover–Leipzig: bey Johann Wilhelm Schmidt.
   Google Scholar
• Huguenin, M. (1957) Les Naudin Paris: Institut Geographique National.
   Google Scholar
• Hühnel, H. (1995) “Samuel von Schmettau: Sizielien, um1721” In Kartographische Zimelien Vienna: Die 50 schönsten Karten und Globen der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, pp.114–115.
   Google Scholar
• Kent, A.J. (2005) “Aesthetics: A Lost Cause in Cartographic Theory?” The Cartographic Journal, 42 (2) pp.182–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent, A.J. and Vujakovic, P. (2009) “Stylistic Diversity in European State 1:50 000 Topographic Maps” The Cartographic Journal 46 (3) pp.179–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent, A. and Vujakovic, P. (2011) “Cartographic Language: Towards a New Paradigm for Understanding Stylistic Diversity in Topographic Maps” The Cartographic Journal 48 pp.21–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kingsley, D. (1982) Printed Maps of Sussex 1575–1900 Lewes: Sussex Records Society.
   Google Scholar
• Klöffler, M. (2012) “Karten nach Augenmaß” In Brunner, K. and Horst, T. (Eds) 15. Kartographiehistorisches Colloquium Bonn: Kirschbaum-Verlag, pp.123–141.
   Google Scholar
• Lenman, B., (Ed) (2013) Military Engineers: The Development of the Early Modern European State Manchester-Padstow: Dundee University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lindner, K. (1992) Christian Friedrich von Wrede: Krieges Carte von Schlesien: 1747–1753 München: Lengenfelder Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Lorek, D. (2016) “Multimedia Integration of Cartographic Source Materials for Researching and Presenting Phenomena from Economic History” Geodesy and Cartography 65 (2) pp.271–281; DOI: 10.1515/geocart-2016-0015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marionni, G. G. (1751). De re Ichnographica, cujus hodierna praxis exponitur, et propriis exemplis pluribus illustratur, Vienna.
   Google Scholar
• Masabò Ricci I. and Carassi M. (1987) ‘Amministrazione dello spazio statale e cartografia dello Stato Sabaudo’ in Cartografia e istituzionie in età moderna. Atti del Convegno, Genova, Imperia, Albenga, Savona, La Spezia, 3–8 novembre 1986, Roma 1987, Publicazioni degli Archivi di Stato, Saggi 8, pp.271–314.
   Google Scholar
• Meder, J. (1978) The Mastery of Drawing New York: Abaris Books.
   Google Scholar
• Medynska-Gulij, B. (2008) “Point Symbols: Investigating Principles and Originality in Cartographic Design” The Cartographic Journal 45 (1) pp.62–67 DOI: 10.1179/1743277413Y.0000000035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medyńska-Gulij, B. (2012) “Die graphischen Gestaltungsprinzipien der frühen preußischen topographischen Kartenwerke zur Regierungszeit Friedrichs II.” In Brunner, K. and Horst, T. (Eds) 15. Kartographiehistorisches Colloquium Bonn: Kirschbaum-Verlag, pp.165–174.
   Google Scholar
• Medynska-Gulij, B. (2013). “How the Black Line, Dash and Dot Created the Rules of Cartographic Design 400 Years Ago” The Cartographic Journal 50 (4) pp.356–368 DOI: 10.1179/1743277413Y.0000000035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medynska-Gulij, B. (2016) “Die Herausbildung von Farbgestaltungsprinzipien in der Kartographie, untersucht am Beispiel topographischer Manuskriptkarten aus der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts” In Heinz, M. and A. Hüttermann (Eds) 16. Kartographischehistorisches Colloquium, Marbach am Neckar 2012 Bonn: Kirschbaum Verlag, pp.171–180.
   Google Scholar
• Naudin, J.B., (1695). L‘ingénieur françois: La Trigonometrie […] Avec la Méthode de Monsieur de Vauban, Avec l’explication de son nouveau Systeme Paris: Chez Estienne Michallet.
   Google Scholar
• O'Donoghue, Y. (1977) William Roy 1726–1790: Pioneer of the Ordnance Survey London: British Library.
   Google Scholar
• Paldus, J. (1919) Die militärischen aufnahmen im Bereiche der habsburgischen Länder aus der Zeit Kaiser Josephs II., ausgeführt durch den K.K. Generalquartiermeisterstab in den Jahren 1763–1785: Ein Beitrag zur historischen Landeskunde, Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien.
   Google Scholar
• Pastoureau, M. (2001) Blue: The History of a Color Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Paul, B. (2009) “[Review:] Galilei der Künstler: Der Mond. Die Sonne. Die Hand by Horst Bredekamp” Renaissance Quarterly 62 (1) pp.244–246.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawert, J.H. (1793). Forelæsninger over den geometriske, trigonometriske og militaire Landmaaling tilligemed Nivelleringen Kiøbenhavn: Trykt hos Sebastian Popp.
   Google Scholar
• Ricci, I., Gentile, G. and Raviola, B.A. (2006) Il Teatro delle Terre. Cartografia Sabauda Tra Alpi e Pianura Savigliano: L’Artistica.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, A.H., Sale, R. and Morrison, J. (1978) Elements of Cartography (4th ed.) New York: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, William (2007) The Great Map: the Military Survey of Scotland 1747–55, with introductory essays by Hodson, Y., Tabraham Ch. and Withers, Ch. Edinburgh: Birlinn.
   Google Scholar
• Schapiro, M. (1972) “On Some Problems in the Semiotics of Visual Art: Field and Vehicle in Image-Signs” Simiolus: Netherlands Quarterly for the History of Art 6 (1) pp.9–19.
   Google Scholar
• Sereno, P. (2002) “'Li Ingegneri Topograffici di Sua Maesta.' La formazione del cartografo militarenegli stati sabaudi e l‘istituzione dell‘Ufficio di Topografia Reale” In R. Comba and P. Sereno (Eds) Rappresentare uno Stato. Carte e Cartografi degi stati Sabaudi, Vol. 1, Turin: Umberto Allemandi & Co., pp.61–102.
   Google Scholar
• Seymour, W.A. (1980) History of the Ordnance Survey Kent: Cannon House Folkestone.
   Google Scholar
• Sofonea, T. (1976). “Johann Jakob von Marinoni (1676–1755) – Sein Leben und Schaffen – 300 Jahre nach seiner Geburt” Österreichische Zeitschrift für Vermessungswesen und Photogrammetrie 64 (3–4) pp.97–105.
   Google Scholar
• Svenningsen, S.R., (2016) “Mapping the Nation for War: The Landscape in Danish Military Cartography 1800–2000” Imago Mundi 68 pp.196–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallian, T. (2009) “John White’s Materials and Techniques” In Sloan, Kim (Ed) European Visions: American Voices London: The British Museum, pp.72–76.
   Google Scholar
• Teissig, K. (1983) Drawing Techniques London: Octopus Books Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Troschel (1925) Notizen, Manuskript, N15060–1 Berlin: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• Verdier, N. and Besse, J. M. (2019) “Color and Cartography” In The History of Cartography, Volume Four, Cartography in the Eighteenth Century Chicago: The Chicago University Press (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Wagner, H. (1924) Begleitworte zur Topographischen Landesaufnahme des Kurfürstentums Hannover von 1764 bis 1786 Hannover: Historische Kommission.
   Google Scholar
• Withers, C. (2007). Placing the Enlightenment: Thinking Geographically about the Age of Reason Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Woodward, D. (Ed) (1987) Art and Cartography: Six Historical Essays Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wulf, M. and Gross, J. (2004) “Die Schmettau-Schulenburgische Karte – eine Legende für das Land Brandenburg (Ostdeutschland) mit kritischen Anmerkungen” Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung 175 pp.189–198.
   Google Scholar