Modeling of One Dimensional Fire Spread in Pine Needles with Opposing Air Flow

References

• Albini , F. ( 1985 ). “ A model for fire spread in wildland fuels by radiation ”. Combust. Sci. and Tech-nol. , 42 , 229 – 258 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albini , F. A. ( 1980 ). Thermochemical properties of flame gases from fine wildland fuels. Technical report; USDA Forest Service Research paper , INT-243.
   Google Scholar
• Amlin , D. & Korpela , S. ( 1979 ), “ Inflence of thermal radiation on the temperature distribution in a semi-transparent solid ”, ASME J. Heat Transfer , 101 , 76 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• deRis , J. ( 1969 ), Spread of a laminar diffusion flame , in “ Proceedings 12th Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute ”, pp. 241 – 252 .
   Google Scholar
• Dosanjh , S. , Pagni , P. & Fernandez-Pello , A. ( 1987 ), “ Forced cocurrent smoldering combustion ”, Combust. Flame , 68 , 131 – 142 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fatehi , M. & Kaviany , M. ( 1994 ), “ Adiabatic reverse combustion in a packed bed ”, Combust. Flame , 99 , 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez-Pello , A. , Ray , S. & Glassman , I. ( 1978 ), “ Downward flame spread in an opposed forced flow ”. Combust. Sci. and Technol. , 19 , 19 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fusegi , T. & Farouk , B. ( 1989 ), “ Laminar and turbulent natural convection-radiation interactions in a square enclosure filled with a nongray gas ”, Numerical Heat Transfer Part A , 15 , 303 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grishin , A. ( 1997 ), Mathematical modeling of forest fires and new methods of fighting them , Publishing house of the Tomsk University, Tomsk , Russia . Ed. by F. Albini .
   Google Scholar
• Incropera , F. & DeWirr , D. ( 1996 ), Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer , John Wiley and sons (4th Edition) .
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan , C. , Shaddix , C. & Smyth , K. ( 1996 ), “ Computations of enhanced soot production in time-varying Ch4/air diffusion flames ”, Combust. Flame , 106 , 392 – 405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashiwagi , T. & Nambu , H. ( 1992 ), “ Global kinetics constants for thermal oxidative degradation of a cellulosic paper ”, Combust. Flame , 88 , 345 – 368 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larini , M. , Giroud , F. , Porterie , B. & Loraud , J. ( 1998 ), “ A multiphase formulation for fire propagation in heterogeneous combustible media ”, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , 41 , 881 – 897 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauriat , G. ( 1982 ), “ Combined radiation-convection in gray fluids enclosed in vertical cavities ”, J. Heat Transfer , 104 , 609 – 615 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard , B. & Drummond , J. ( 1995 ), “ Why you should not use hybrid, power-law or related exponetial schemes for convective modelling - there are much better alternatives ”, Int. J. Numerical Methods Fluids , 20 , 421 – 442 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard , B. & Mokhtari , S. ( 1990 ), “ Beyond first-order upwinding: the ultra-sharp alternative for non-oscillatory steady-state simulation of convection ”, Int. J. Numerical Methods Engineering , 30 , 729 – 766 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libby , P. & Williams , F. ( 1993 ), Turbulent Reacting Flows , Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moro , C. ( 1997 ), Etude de la décomposition d'échantillons végétaux en fonction de la temperature, Technical report , INRA Equipe de Prévention des Incendies de Forêt PIF9702.
   Google Scholar
• Nagle , J. & Strickland-Constable , R. ( 1962 ), Oxidation of carbon between 1000–2000 °c , in “ Proceedings 5th Conference on Carbon ”, Vol. 1 , pp. 154 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Nakabe , K. , McGrattan , K. , Kashiwagi , T. , Baum , H. , Yamashita , H. & Kushida , G. ( 1994 ), “ Ignition and transition to flame spread over a thermally thin cellulosic sheet in a micrograviry environment ”, Combust. Flame , 98 , 361 – 374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohlemiller , T. ( 1985 ), “ Modeling of smoldering combustion propagation ”. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. , 11 , 277 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohlemiller , T. & Lucca , D. ( 1983 ), “ An experimental comparison of forward end reverse smolder propagation in permeable fuel beds ”. Combust. Flame , 54 , 131 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagni , P. & Peterson , T. ( 1973 ), Flame spread through porous fuels , in “ Proceedings 14th Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute ”, pp. 1099 – 1107 .
   Google Scholar
• Patankar , S. ( 1981 ), “ A calculation procedure for two-dimensional elliptic situations ”. Numerical Heat Transfer , 4 , 409 – 425 .
   Google Scholar
• Pitts , W. ( 1991 ), “ Wind effects on fires ”, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. , 17 , 83 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothermel , R. ( 1972 ), A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels , Technical report , USDA Forest Service Research paper INT—115.
   Google Scholar
• Siegel , R. & Howell , R. ( 1992 ), Thermal radiation heat transfer. , Hemisphere publishing corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Smooke , M. & Koszykowski , M. ( 1986 ), “ Two-dimensional fully adaptive solutions of solid-solid alloying reactions ”, J. Comput. Physics , 62 , 1 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosnovkaya , L. & Sosnovski , Y. ( 1975 ) , Chemical and thermal properties of certain forest fuels , Technical report. , Wood and Forest Institute of the Siberian Section of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Krasnoyarsk .
   Google Scholar
• Statheropoulos , M. , Liodakis , S. , Tzamtzis , N. & ad S. Kyriakou , A.P. ( 1997 ), “ Thermal degradation of pinus halepensis pine-needles using various analytical methods ”, J. of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis , 43 , 115 – 123 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syed , K. , Stewart , C. & Moss , J. ( 1990 ), Modelling soot formation and thermal radiation in buoyant turbulent diffusion flames , in “ 23rd Symposium. (International) on Combustion, The combustion Institute ”, p. 1533 .
   Google Scholar
• Vovelle , C. , Mellottee , H. & Delbourgo , R. ( 1982 ), Kinetics of the thermal degradation of cellulose and wood in inert and oxidative atmospheres , in “ 19th Symposium. (International) on Combustion, The combustion Institute ”, pp. 797 – 805 .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , R. ( 1991 ), “ Modeling fire spread through fuel bed ”, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. , 17 , 67 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar