A Study of Mercury Removal in FBC Systems Fired with High Chlorine Coals

References

• Aposhian , H.V. and Aposhian , M.M. ( 2000 ), “ Elemental, Mercuric and Methyl mercury: Biological Interactions and Dilemmas, ” presented atthe Air Quality II: Mercury, Trace Elements, and Particulate Matter Conference , McLean, Virginia , USA , Sept. 19 – 21 , 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) ( 1992 ), “ Case Studies in Environmental Medici ne. Mercury Toxicity, ” U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Altanta , GA .
   Google Scholar
• Benson , S.A. ; Miller , S.J. ; Laudal , D.L. ; Galbreath , K.C. ( 1998 ), “ An Overview of Mercury & Studies at the Energy EnvironmentalResearch Center, ” the 15th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference , Pittsburgh , PA .
   Google Scholar
• Bloom , N. ; Presto , E. ; Miklavic , V. ( 1993 ), “ Flue Gas Mercury Emissions and Speciation from Fossil Fuel Combustion, ” presented at the Second EPRI International Conference on Managing Hazardous Air Pollutants , Washington , D .C.
   Google Scholar
• Born , J.G.P. ; Louw , R. ; Mulder , P. ( 1990 ), Organohalogen Compd. , 3 , 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Brown , T.D. ( 1997 ), “ How big is the challenge: Controlling Hg0 and Hg2+ in the flue gas from the combustion of coal. ” Presented at the Fourth EPRI International Conference on Managing Hazardous Air Pollutants , Washington , DC , November 14.
   Google Scholar
• Brown , T.D. ; Smith , D.N. : Hargis , R.A. Jr. ; O'Dowd , W.J. ( 1999 ), “ Mercury measurementand its control: what we know, have learned, andneed to further investigated ,” J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. , June , 1 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Buckland , S.J. ; Hannah , D.J. ; Taucher , J.A. ; Allison , R.W. ( 1990 ), Organohalogen Compd. , 3 , 219 .
   Google Scholar
• Carey , T.R. ; Hargrove , O.W. ; Brown , T.D. ; Rhudy , R.G. ( 1996 ), “ Enhanced Control of Mercury in Wet FGD System, ” the 1st Joint Power and Fuel Systems Contractors Conference , Pittsburgh , PA .
   Google Scholar
• Carey , T.R. ; Hargrove , O.W. , Jr. ; Richardson , C.F. ; Chang , R. ; Meserole , F.B. ( 1997 ), “ Factors Affecting Mercury Control in UtilityFlue Gas Using Sorbent Injection, ” Paper 97–WA72A.05. the 90th Annual Meeting & Exhibition of the Air & Waste Management Association , Toronto . Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Dickson , L.C. ; Lenoir , D. ; Hutzinger , O. ( 1990 ), Chemosphere. , 19 , 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Dunham , G.E. ; Miller , S.J. ( 1996 ), “ Evaluation of Activated Carbonfor Control of Mercury from Coal‐fired Boilers, ” the First Joint Power ABD Fuel Systems Contractors Conference. , Pittsburgh , PA .
   Google Scholar
• Feeley , T.J. , in ( 1997 ), “ An Overview of the U.S. Department of Energy's Electric‐Utility Mercury Emissions R&D Activities, ” AcidRain & Electric Utilities II Conference , Scottsdale . AZ .
   Google Scholar
• Felsvang , K. ; Gleiser , R. ; Juip , G. ; Nielsen , K.K. ( 1993 ), “ Air Toxics Control by Spray Dryer Absorption Systems, ” the EPRI Second International Conference on Managing Hazardous Air Pollutants , Washington s :D.C.
   Google Scholar
• Galbreath , K.C ; Zygarlicke , C.J. ( 1996 ), “ Mercury Speciation in Coal Combustion and Gasification Flue Gases ,” Env. Sci. Tech. , 30 . 2421 – 2426 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghorishi , B. Gullen , B.K. ( 1997 ). “ Fixed‐Bed Control of Mercury: Role of Acid Gaseous and a Comparison Between Carbon‐Based, Calcium‐Based, and Coal Fly Ash Sorbents, ” the EPRJ‐DOE‐EPA Combined Utility Air Pollutant Control Symposium , Washington , DC , Electric Power Research Institute Report No. TR–108683–V3, P 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Gullen , B.K. Bruce , K.R. ; Beach , L.O. ( 1990 ), Chemosphere , 20 ( 10 – 12 ), 1945.
   Google Scholar
• Jozewicz , W. ; Gullent , B.K. ( 1995 ). “ Reaction Mechanisms of Dry Ca‐Based Sorbents with Gaseous HCl ,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , 34 . 607 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korpiel , J.A. ; Vidic , R.D. , ( 1997 ) “ Effect of Sulfur Impregnation Method on Activated Carbons Uptake of Gas‐Phase Mercury ,” Env. Sci.Tech. , 31 , 2319 – 2325 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnan , S.V. ; Gullen , B.K. ; Jozewicz , W. ( 1994 ), “ Sorption of Elemental Mercury by Activated Carbon. ” Env. Sci. Tech. , 28 , 1506 – 1512 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancia , A. ; Musmarra , D. ; Pepe , F. ; Volpicelli , G. , ( 1993 ), “ Adsorption of Mercuric Chloride Vapours from Incinerator Flue Gases on Calcium Hydroxide Particles ,” Combst. Sci. Tech. , 277 .
   Google Scholar
• Liu , K.L. ; Xie , W. Zhao , Z. ‐B.; Pan , W. ‐P. and Riley , J. T. ( 2000 ), Environmental Sci & Tech. , 34 , 2279 .
   Google Scholar
• Noblen , J.G. ( 1993 ). “ Control of Air Toxics from Coal‐Fired Power Plants Using FGD Technology, ” the EPRI Second International Conference on Managing Hazardous Air Pollutants , Washington s :D.C.
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council (NRC), ( 2000 ), “ Toxicological Effects of Methyl mercury, ”.
   Google Scholar
• National Academy Press. Washington . DC .
   Google Scholar
• Olie , K. ; Vermeulen , P.L. , Hutzinger , O. ( 1997 ), Chemosphere. , 6 ,455.
   Google Scholar
• Saenger , M. ; Werther , J. ; Hanben , H. ( 1999 ), “ Concentrations and Mass Balance of Mercury in a Flu‐idized Bed Sewage Sludge Incineration Plant, ” Proc. of the 15th Inter. Conf. on FBC , Savannah , GA . ASME.
   Google Scholar
• Sakai , S. ; Hiraoka , M. ; Takeda , M. ; Nie , P. ; Ito , T. ( 1991 ), "Formation and Degradation of PCDDs/PCDFs in a Laboratory Scale Incineration Plant; presented at The Kyoto Conference on Dioxins, Problem of MSW Incineration , Kyoto International Community House.
   Google Scholar
• Teller , A.J. ; Quumby , J.M. ( 1991 ), “ Mercury Removal from Incineration Flue Gas ”, Air & Waste Management Association Conference. ,
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ( 1993 ) , “ Locating and Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of Mercury and Mercury Compounds, ” EPA–453/R–93–023. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ( 1993 ), “ National EmissionsInventory of Mercury and Mercury Compounds: Interim Final Report, ” EPA–453/R–93–048. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ( 1994 ), “ Summary Review of Health Effects Associated with Mercuric Chloride: Health Issue Assessment. ” EPA/600/R–92/199. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Public Health Service, ( 1993 ), “ Dental Amalgams: A Public Health Service Strategy for Research, Education, and Regulation. FinalReport, ” Committee to Coordinate Environmental Health and RelatedPrograms, Washington , DC .
   Google Scholar
• Vidic , R.D. ; McLaughlim , J.D. ( 1996 ), “ Uptake of Elemental Mercuryby Activated Carbons ,” Journal of A &WMA. , 46 .
   Google Scholar
• Vidic , R.D. ; Liu , W. ; Brown , T.D. ( 1998 ), “ Application of Sulfur Impregnated Activated Carbons for the Control of Mercury Emissions,” the 15th Annual International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh , PA .
   Google Scholar
• Vogg , H. ; Metzger , M. ; Stieglitz , L. ( 1987 ), Waste Management , 5 , 285 .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization, ( 1990 ), “ Methyl Mercury, ” Volume 101 . Distribution and Sales Service, International Programme on Chemical Safety, Geneva , Switzerland .
   Google Scholar
• Xie , Y ; Liu , K.L. ; Pan , W.‐P. and Riley , J.T. ( 2000 ), Energy and Fuels , Vol. 14 , No. 3 , 597 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar