FIRE SPREAD MODEL FOR A LINEAR FRONT IN A HORIZONTAL SOLID POROUS FUEL BED IN STILL AIR

REFERENCES

• Albini , F. A. 1968 . A Physical Model for Fire Spread in Brush . Proc Combust. Instit. , 12 : 553 – 560 .
   Google Scholar
• Albini , F. A. 1985 . A model for fire spread in wildland fuels by radiation . Combust. Sci Technol. , 42 : 229 – 258 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albini , F. A. 1986 . Wildland fire spread by radiation—A model including fuel cooling by natural convection . Combust. Sci. Technol. , 45 : 101 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albini , F. A. 1996 . Iterative solution of the radiation transport equations governing spread of fire in wildland fuel . Phys. Gov. Vzry. , 32 : 71 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , H. E. 1969 . Heat Transfer and Fire Spread. Res. Pap. INT-69. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
   Google Scholar
• André , J. C. S. 1996 . Uma teoria sobre a propagação de frentes de fogos florestais de superficie , Coimbra, , Portugal : Dep. Eng. Mec., F.C.T., University of Coimbra . PhD. Dissertation
   Google Scholar
• André , J. C. S. and Viegas , D. X. 2001 . Modelos de propagação de fogos florestais: Estado-da-arte para utilizadores—Parte I: Introducao e modelos locais . Silva Lusit. , 9 : 237 – 265 .
   Google Scholar
• André , J. C. S. , Lopes , A. G. and Viegas , D. X. 1992 . A broad synthesis of research on physical aspects of forest fires. Cad. Cient Incêd. Flo. 3 , Coimbra, , Portugal : Fluid Mech. Gr., MEch. Eng. Dep., F.C.T., University of Coimbra .
   Google Scholar
• Byram , G. M. 1959 . Forest Fire: Control and Use, Combustion of forest fuels and Forest fire behaviour , 1st Ed. , Edited by: Davis , K. P. NewYork : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Byram , G. M. , Sauer , F. M. , Fons , W. L. and Arnold , R. K. 1952 . Thermal Properties of Forest Fuels. , U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Division of Fire Research .
   Google Scholar
• Call , P. T. 1997 . Run-Time Optimization of a Radiation Driven Crown Fire Model , MT. : Montana State University . M.S. Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Catchpole , E. A. and De Mestre , N. J. 1996 . Physical models for a spreading line fire . Aust. Forest Res. , 49 : 102 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• Catchpole , W. A. , Catchpole , E. A. , Rothermel , R. C. , Morris , G. A. , Butler , B. W. and Latham , D. J. 1998 . Rate of spread of free-burning fires in woody fuels in a wind tunnel . Combust. Sci. Technol. , 131 : 1 – 37 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchill , S. W. and Chu , H. H. S. 1975 . Correlating equations for laminar and turbulent free convection from a vertical place . Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , 18 : 1323
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark , T. L. , Coen , J. L. , Radke , L. , Reeder , M. and Packham , D. Coupled atomosphere-fire dynamics . Proceedings of the III International Conference on Forest Fire Research . Edited by: Viegas , D. X. Vol. I , pp. 67 – 82 . Coimbra, Portugal : University of Coimbra .
   Google Scholar
• De Mestre , N. , Catchpole , E. , Anderson , D. and Rothermel , R. 1989 . Uniform propagation of a planar fire front without wind . Combust. Sci. Technol. , 65 : 231 – 244 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunlap , F. 1912 . The Specific Heat of Wood. , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service . Forest Service Bulletin 110
   Google Scholar
• Emmons , H. W. 1964 . Fire in the forest . Fire Res. Abstr. Rev. , 5 : 163 – 178 .
   Google Scholar
• Fang , J. B. 1969 . An Investigation of the Effect of Controlled Wind on the Rate of Fire Spread , Canada : Chemical Engineering Department, University of New Brunswick . Ph.D. Dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Fons , W. L. 1946 . Analysis of fire spread in light forest fuels . J. Agr. Res. , 72 : 93 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Fons , W. L. , Clements , H. B. and George , P. M. 1964 . Scale Effects on Propagation Rate of Laboratory Crib Fires . Proc. Combust. Instit. , 10 : 860 – 866 .
   Google Scholar
• Grishin , A. M. , Gruzhin , A. D. and Zverev , V. G. 1983 . Mathematical modeling of the spreading of high-level forest fires . Sov. Phys. Dokl. , 28 : 328 – 330 .
   Google Scholar
• Grishin , A. M. 1997 . Mathematical Modeling of Forest Fires and New Methods of Fighting Them. , Russia : Publ. House, Tomsk St. University .
   Google Scholar
• Hottel , H. C. and Sarofim , A. F. 1967 . Radiative Transfer. , New York : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Hottel , H. C. , Williams , G. C. and Steward , F. R. 1966 . The Modelling of Fire Spread Through a Fuel Bed . Proc. Combust. Instit. , 11 : 997 – 1007 .
   Google Scholar
• Kuehn , T. H. and Goldstein , R. J. 1976 . Correlating equations for natural convection heat tranfer between horizontal circular cylinders . Int. J. Heat Transfer. , 19 : 1127 – 1134.(page 34) .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linn , R. R. 1997 . A Transport Model for Prediction of Wildfire Behaviour , NM : Department of Mechanical Engineering Mexico State University . Ph.D. Dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Lymberopoulos , N. , Tryfonopoulous , T. and Lockwood , F. C. The study of small and meso-scale wind field—Forest fire interaction and buoyancy effects using the AIOLOS-F simulator . Proceedings of the III International Conference on Forest Fire Research . Edited by: Viegas , D. X. Vol. I , pp. 405 – 418 . Coimbra, , Portugal : University of Coimbra .
   Google Scholar
• Margerit , J. and Séro-Guillaume , O. 2002 . Modeling forest fires. Part II: Reduction to two-dimensional models and simulation of propagation . Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , 45 : 1723 – 1737 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagni , P. J. and Paterson , T. G. 1974 . Flame Spread Through Porous Fuels . Proc. Combust. Instit. , 15 : 1099 – 1107 .
   Google Scholar
• Philpot , C. W. 1970 . Influence of mineral content on the pyrolysis of plant materials . Forest Sci. , 16 : 461 – 671 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porterie , B. , Moryan , D. , Loraud , J. C. and Larini , M. 1998 . A multiphase model for predicting line fire propagation . III Internationa Conference on Forest Fire Research , vol. I : pp. 343 – 360 .
   Google Scholar
• Press , W. H. , Teukolsky , S. A. , Vetterling , W. T. and Flannery , B. P. 1994 . Numerical Recipes in Fortran: The Art of Scientific Computing , 2nd ed. , Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Raithby , G. D. and Hollands , K. G. T. 1976 . Laminar and turbulent free convection from elliptic cylinders, with a vertical plate and horizontal circular cylinder as special cases . J. Heat Transfer , 98 : 72 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothermel , R. C. 1972 . A Mathematical Model for Predicting Fire Spread in Wildland Fuels , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service . Research Paper INT-115
   Google Scholar
• Rothermel , R. C. 1990 . “ Modelling Fire Behaviour. ” . In International Conference on Forest Fire Research , Portugal : Coimbra .
   Google Scholar
• Rothermel , R. C. and Anderson , H. E. 1966 . Fire spread characteristics determined in the laboratory , U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service . Research Paper INT-30
   Google Scholar
• Séro-Guillaume , O. and Margerit , J. 2002 . Modeling forest fires. Part I: A complete set of equations derived by extended irreversible thermodynamics . Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer , 45 : 1705 – 1722 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparrow , E. M. and Gregg , J. L. 1956 . Laminar free convection heat transfer from the outer surface of a vertical circular cylinder . Trans. ASME , 78 : 1823
   Google Scholar
• Stamm , A. J. and Loughborough , W. K. 1935 . Thermodynamics of the swelling of wood . J. Phys. Chem. , B9 : 121 – 132 .
   Google Scholar
• Steward , F. R. 1974 . “ Fire spread through a fuel bed ” . In Heat Transfer in Fires: thermophysics, Social Aspects, Economic Impact , Edited by: Blackshear , P. I. pp. 317 – 378 . Washington, DC : Scripta Book .
   Google Scholar
• Susott , R. A. 1982 . Differential scanning calorimetry of forest fuels . Forest Sci. , 28 : 839 – 851 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , P. H. 1964 . The Size of Flames from Natural Fires . Proc. Combust. Instit , 10 : 844 – 859 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , P. H. 1967 . Some aspects of the growth and spread of fire in the open . J. Forest , 40 : 139 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , P. H. 1971 . Rates of spread of some wind driven fires . J. Forest , : 155 – 175 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , P. H. , Webster , C. T. and Raftery , M. M. 1961 . Some experiments on buoyant diffusion flames . Combust. Flame , 5 : 359 – 368 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Wagner , C. E. 1967 . Calculations on forest fire spread by flame radiation , Chalk River, Ontario : Canadian Forest Service, Dep. For. Rur. Dev., Petaw. For. Exp. Stat. . Report no. 1185
   Google Scholar
• Vaz , G. C. 1996 . Previsão de Propriedades de uma Frente de Fogo em Propagação num Leito Sólido Poroso Análise Critica do Estado Actual dos Conhecimentos , Coimbra, Coimbra, , Portugal : University of Coimbra . M.S. Thesis, Dep. Eng. Mec.
   Google Scholar
• Vaz , G. C. 2001 . Modelação da propagação de uma frente de chamas em linha man leito sólido poroso na ausência de declive ou vento. , Coimbra, , Portugal : F.C.T., University of Coimbra . M.S. Thesis, Dep. Eng. Mec.
   Google Scholar
• Weber , R. O. 1991 . Modelling fire spread through fuel beds . Progr. Energy Combust Sci. , 17 : 67 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wotton , B. M. , Martin , T. L. and Engel , K. Vertical flame intensity profile from a surface fire . In International Association of Wild Land Fire, Ed. Proceedings of 13th Conference on Fire and Forest Meterology . Lorne, Victoria, Australia. pp. 175 – 182 . Moran, WY
   Google Scholar