QUANTITATIVE LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE MEASUREMENTS AND MODELING OF NITRIC OXIDE IN HIGH-PRESSURE (6–15 ATM) COUNTERFLOW DIFFUSION FLAMES

REFERENCES

• Atreya , A. , Zhang , C. , Kim , H. K. , Shamim , T. and Suh , J. 1996 . The effect of changes in the flame structure on the formation and destruction of soot and NOx in radiating diffusion flames . Proc. Combust. Instit. , 26 : 2181 – 2189 .
   Google Scholar
• Bonturi , S. , Pourkashanian , M. , Williams , A. , Oskam , G. and Wilson , C. 1997 . NOx formation in counter-flow opposed-jet diffusion CH4/air flames . Combust. Sci. Technol. , 121 : 217 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman , C. T. , Hanson , R. K. , Davidson , D. F. , Gardiner , W. C. Jr. , Lissianski , V. , Smith , G. P. , Golden , D. A. , Frenklach , M. and Goldenberg , M. 1995 .
   Google Scholar
• Carter , C. D. , King , G. B. and Laurendeau , N. M. 1989 . A combustion facility for high-pressure flame studies by spectroscopic methods . Rev. Sci. Instrum. , 60 : 2606 – 2609 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake , M. C. and Blint , R. J. 1989 . Thermal NOx in stretched, laminar, opposed-flow diffusion flames with CO/H2/N2 fuel . Combust. Flame , 76 : 151 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake , M. C. and Blint , R. J. 1991 . Relative importance of nitric oxide formation mechanisms in laminar, opposed-flow diffusion flames . Combust. Flame , 83 : 185 – 203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gore , J. P. , Lim , J. , Takeno , T. and Zhu , X. L. A study of the effect of thermal radiation on the structure of methane-air counterflow diffusion flames using detailed chemical kinetics . Proceedings of the 5th ASME/JSME Joint Thermal Engineering Conference . San Diego, CA March 14–19
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , W. A. and Wendt , J. O. L. 1981 . NOx formation in flat, laminar, opposed jet methane diffusion flames . Proc. Combust. Instit. , 18 : 121 – 131 .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , J. M. , Lytle , F. E. and McCain , T. C. 1976 . Squirrel-cage photomultiplier base design for measurements of nanosecond fluorescence delays . Anal. Chem. , 48 : 2095 – 2098 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kee , R. J. , Grcar , J. F. , Smooke , M. D. and Miller , J. A. 1985 . A FORTRAN program for modeling steady laminar one-dimensional premixed flames Sandia National Laboratories Report No. SAND85-8240
   Google Scholar
• Li , S. C. , Ilinic , N. and Williams , F. A. 1997 . Reduction of NOx formation by water sprays in strained two-stage flames . J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power , 119 : 836 – 843 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz , A. E. , Kee , R. J. and Grcar , J. F. 1996 . OPPDIF: A FORTRAN program for computing opposed-flow diffusion flames Sandia National Laboratories Report No. SAND96-8243
   Google Scholar
• Nishioka , M. , Nakagawa , S. , Ishikawa , Y. and Takeno , T. 1994 . NO emission characteristics of methane-air double flame . Combust. Flame , 98 : 127 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Partridge , W. P. Jr. and Laurendeau , N. M. 1995 . Formulation of a dimensionless overlap fraction to account for spectrally distributed interactions in fluorescence studies . Appl. Opt. , 34 : 2645 – 2647 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul , P. H. , Carter , C. D. , Gray , J. A. , Durant , J. L. Jr. , Thoman , J. W. and Furlanetto , M. R. 1995 . Correlations for the NO A ₂Σ⁺ electronic quenching cross-section. Sandia National Laboratories Report No. SAND94-8237
   Google Scholar
• Ravikrishna , R. V. , Cooper , C. S. and Laurendeau , N. M. 1999 . Comparison of saturated and linear laser-induced fluorescence measurements of nitric oxide in counterflow diffusion flames . Combust. Flame , 117 : 810 – 820 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravikrishna , R. V. and Laurendeau , N. M. 1998 . Laser-saturated fluorescence measurements of nitric oxide in a counterflow diffusion flame . Combust. Flame , 113 : 473 – 475 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravikrishna , R. V. and Laurendeau , N. M. 2000 . Laser-induced fluorescence measurements and modeling of nitric oxide in ethane-air and methane-air counterflow diffusion flames . Combust. Flame , 120 : 372 – 382 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravikrishna , R. V. , Thomsen , D. D. and Laurendeau , N. M. 2000 . Laser-induced fluorescence measurements and modeling of nitric oxide in high-pressure counterflow diffusion flames . Combust. Sci. Technol. , 157 : 243 – 261 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisel , J. R. , Carter , C. D. , Laurendeau , N. M. and Drake , M. C. 1993 . Laser-saturated fluorescence measurements of nitric oxide in laminar, flat, C2H6/O2/N2 flames at atmospheric pressure . Combust. Sci. Technol. , 91 : 271 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seitzman , J. M. 1991 . Quantitative applications of fluorescence imaging in combustion. Ph.D. Dissertation , Palo Alto, CA : Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University .
   Google Scholar
• Sick , V. , Hildenbrand , F. and Lindstedt , P. 1998 . Quantitative laser-based measurements and detailed chemical kinetic modeling of nitric oxide concentrations in methane/air counterflow diffusion flames . Proc. Combust. Instit. , 27 : 1401 – 1409 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , G. P. , Golden , D. M. , Frenklach , M. , Moriarty , N. W. , Eiteneer , B. , Goldenberg , M. , Bowman , C. T. , Hanson , R. K. , Song , S. , Gardiner , W. C. Jr. , Lissianski , V. and Qin , Z. 1999 . http://www.me.berkeley.edu/gri_mech/
   Google Scholar
• Thomsen , D. D. , Kuligowski , F. F. and Laurendeau , N. M. 1997 . Background corrections for laser-induced fluorescence measurements of NO in lean, high-pressure, premixed methane flames . Appl. Opt. , 36 : 3244 – 3252 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomsen , D. D. and Laurendeau , N. M. 2001 . LIF measurements and modeling of nitric oxide concentration in atmospheric, counterflow premixed flames . Combust. Flame , 124 : 350 – 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji , H. 1982 . Counterflow diffusion flames . Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. , 8 : 93 – 119 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar