REFERENCES
- Bi , H. and Agrawal , A.K. 1998 . Study of autoignition of natural gas in diesel environments using computational fluid dynamics with detailed chemical kinetics . Combustion and Flame , 113 , 289 .
- Bushe , W.K. and Steiner , H. 1999 . Conditional moment closure for large eddy simulation of nonpremixed turbulent reacting flows . Physics of Fluids , 11 , 1896 .
- Crookes , R.J. 2006 . Comparitive bio-fuel performance in internal combustion engines . Biomass & Bioenergy , 30 , 461 .
- Feese , J.J. and Turns , S.R. 1998 . Nitric oxide emissions from laminar diffusion flames: Effects of air-side versus fuel-side diluent addition . Combustion and Flame , 113 , 66 .
- Fotache , C.G. , Kreutz , T.G. , and Law , C.K. 1997 . Ignition of counterflowing methane versus heater air under reduced and elevated pressures . Combustion and Flame , 108 , 442 .
- Gulder , O.L. 1995 . Effects of oxygen on soot formation in methane, propane, and n-butane diffusion flames . Combustion and Flame , 101 , 302 .
- Heywood , J.B. 1988 . Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals , McGraw-Hill , New York .
- Hill , P.G. and Ouellette , P. 1999 . Transient turbulent gaseous fuel jets for diesel engines . ASME Journal of Fluids Engineering , 121 , 93 .
- Hiltner , J. , Agama , R. , Mauss , F. , Johansson , B. , and Christensen , M. 2003 . Homogeneous charge compression ignition operation with natural gas: Fuel composition implications . ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power , 125 , 837 .
- Huang , J. 2000 . Experimental shock tube study of ignition promotion for methane under engine relevant conditions. M.Sc. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. .
- Huang , J. and Bushe , W.K. 2006 . Experimental and kinetic study of autoignition in methane/ethane/air and methane/propane/air mixtures under engine-relevant conditions . Combustion and Flame , 144 , 74 .
- Huang , J. and Bushe , W.K. 2007 . Simulation of an igniting methane jet using conditional source-term estimation with a trajectory generated low-dimensional manifold . Combustion Theory and Modelling , 11 , 977 .
- Huang , J. , Hill , P. G. , Bushe , W.K. , and Munshi , S.R. 2004 . Shock-tube study of methane ignition under engine-relevant conditions: Experiments and modeling . Combustion and Flame , 136 , 25 .
- Jin , B. 2007 . Conditional source-term estimation methods for reacting flows. Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. .
- Khalil , E.B. and Karim , G.A. 2002 . A kinetic investigation of the role of changes in the composition of natural gas in engine applications . ASME Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power , 124 , 404 .
- Klimenko , A. and Bilger , R. 1999 . Conditional moment closure for turbulent combustion . Progress in Energy and Combustion Science , 25 , 595 .
- Maas , U. , and Pope , S.B. 1992 . Simplifying chemical kinetics: Intrinsic low dimensional manifolds in composition space . Combustion and Flame , 88 , 239 .
- McTaggart-Cowan , G.P. 2006 . Pollutant formation in a gaseous-fuelled, direct-injection engine. Ph.D. thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. .
- McTaggart-Cowan , G.P. , Bushe , W.K. , Hill , P.G. , and Munshi , S.R. 2003 . A supercharged single-cylinder heavy-duty engine for high pressure direct injection of natural gas . International Journal of Engine Research , 4 , 315 .
- McTaggart-Cowan , G.P. , Jones , H.L. , Rogak , S.N. , Bushe , W.K. , Hill , P.G. , and Munshi , S.R. 2007 . The effects of high-pressure injection on a compression-ignition, direct injection of natural gas engine . ASME Transactions, Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power , 129 , 579 .
- McTaggart-Cowan , G.P. , Rogak , S.N. , Hill , P.G. , Munshi , S.R. , and Bushe , W.K. 2008. The effects of fuel dilution in a direct injection of natural gas engine. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D—Journal of Automobile Engineering , 222, 241.
- Naber , J.D. , Siebers , D.L. , Julio , S.S. , and Westbrook , C.K. 1994 . Effects of natural gas composition on ignition delay under diesel conditions . Combustion and Flame , 99 , 192 .
- Nellen , C. and Boulouchos , K. 2000 . Natural gas engines for cogeneration: highest efficiency and near-zero emissions through turbocharging, EGR and three-way catalytic converter. SAE technical paper 2000-01-2825. .
- OpenFOAM program Web site. Available at: http:// www.opencfd.co.uk/openfoam/ Accessed December 4, 2008 .
- Richards , G.A. , McMillian , M.M. , Gemmen , R.S. , Rogers , W.A. , and Cully , S.R. 2001 . Issues for low-emission, fuel-flexible power systems . Progress in Energy and Combustion Science , 27 , 141 .
- Rubas , P.J. , Paul , M.A. , Martin , G.C. , Coverdill , R.E. , Lucht , R.P. , Peters , J.E. , and DelVecchio , K.A. 1998 . Methane jet penetration in a direct-injection natural gas engine. SAE technical paper 980143. .
- Steiner , H. and Bushe , W.K. 2001 . Large eddy simulation of a turbulent reacting jet with conditional source-term estimation . Physics of Fluids , 13 , 754 .
- Sullivan , G.D. , Huang , J. , Bushe , W.K. , and Rogak , S.N. 2006 . Autoignition of transient turbulent gaseous fuel jets at high pressure. SAE technical paper 2006-01-3432. .
- Sullivan , G.D. , Huang , J. , Wang , T.X. , Bushe , W.K. , and Rogak , S.N. 2005 . Emissions variability in gaseous fuel direct injection compression ignition combustion. SAE technical paper 2005–01–0917. .
- Wang , M. , Huang , J. , and Bushe , W.K. 2006 . Simulation of a turbulent nonpremixed flame using conditional source-term estimation with trajectory generated low-dimensional manifold. 31st Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, Heidelberg, Germany, 1701. .
- Wu , N. 2007 . Autoignition and emission characteristics of gaseous fuel direct injection compression ignition combustion. Ph.D. thesis. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. .
- Wu , N. , Bushe , W.K. , and Davy , M.H. 2007 . Autoignition and emission characteristics of gaseous fuel direct injection compression ignition combustion. SAE technical paper 2007-01-0131. .